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| Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome |
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spore forming, gram (+), rod
causes high levels of exotoxins
watery diarrhea, fever, abdominal pain etc. |
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Definition
E. Coli
Klebsiella pneumoniae |
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| NDM (New Delhi Metallo-beta-lactamase) and KPC (Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase) are what. |
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Definition
examples of antibiotic resistance enzymes they can have
CRE organisms |
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| Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus |
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Definition
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Definition
pathogen that causes respiratory infections
"Group A Strep" |
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| streptococcus pharyngitis |
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Definition
strep throat
inflammation of the pharynx.
produce toxins that lyse red blood cells |
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| Untreated streptococcal pharyngitis can lead to |
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Group A Syndrome
results from group A strep that carry lysogenic bacteriophage
causes pink-red rash |
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Group A Syndrome
autoimmune disease |
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Group A Syndrome
flesh eating bacteria |
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Scarlet Fever
Rheumatic fever
Necrotizing fasciitis |
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| Group A Strep mostly caused by |
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Definition
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| Group B Strep mostly caused by |
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| Group B Strep most common in |
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| newborns, pregnant women, the elderly & adults with other illnesses |
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| Streptococcus pneumoniae can cause what 2 diseases |
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Definition
| Pneumonia and Bacterial Meningitis |
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| Corynebacterium diphtheriae causes what diesase |
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gram (+) rod
infects upper respiratory tract |
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| Pertussis (Whooping cough) |
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| Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
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| pathogen that causes tuberculosis in animals |
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menigococcus
bacterial meningitis |
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meningococcal septicemia
when meningitis pathogens are in the blood stream, |
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| meningitis results in inflammation of the |
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measles
infects respiratory tract, cough, fever, snot, eventually a rash |
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Definition
mumps
airborne, inflammation of salivary glands, swelling of neck
can eventually lead to complications like sterility |
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| German measles; rubella virus |
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Definition
Rubella
milder than measles, infection of fetus, heart, eye, and brain damage |
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| varicella-zoster virus causes |
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cutaneous
inhalation
gastrointestinal |
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| Helicobacter pylori can cause |
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Definition
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Gram (-)
non-motile
aerobic
diplococcus |
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Definition
spirochete bacterium
no reinfection
treated with antibiotics |
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| progressive stages of syphilis |
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Definition
1. forms a chancre at initial infection site (primary)
2. cells spread to other tissue causing skin rash (secondary or disseminated)
3. latent stage, no infectious, lesions can form on skin, bone, nervous system, blindness, disfigurement (tertiary) |
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| disease found primarily in animals but transmissible to humans |
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| found only in animal populations |
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| Significant increases in infectious disease prevalence within animal populations |
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| Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever |
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botulism
also, think botox |
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| pertusis aka whooping cough |
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Definition
| occurs in upper respiratory system |
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Definition
growth of microbes at any anatomical site. common on mucus membrane and outer layer of epithelial cells
occurs in 3 stages. |
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Definition
glands that secrete oily or waxy matter to make hair or skin of mammals waterproof
lots of microbes |
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area between enamel of tooth and the gingiva
bacteria produce biofilm that form on the gingival crevice. |
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| glucose polymer that aids in attachment |
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Definition
| uses dextran and sucrose to form dextran (n+1) and fructose |
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| essentially cavities. occur when anaerobic microbes in oral biofilm ferment dietary sugars and produce acids |
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| Lactobacillus acidophilus |
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Definition
| beneficial bacteria in the vagina that ferment glycogen and produce acid. |
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Definition
| ability of a microorganism to cause a disease |
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Definition
| can cause disease because the normal resistance mechanism of a host are weakened |
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| certain pathogens have molecules on their surface that recognize and tightly bind molecules on host tissues |
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| pathogen-produced substance (usually a protein, enzyme, adherence factor, or toxin) that promotes the establishment and pathogenesis of an infectious disease. |
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virulence factor
breaks downhyaluronic acid polymer that glues host cells together |
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virulence factor
breaks down collagen in connective tissue |
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virulence factor
destroys fibrin of blood clots |
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virulence factors
found on the exterior of pathogenic streptococcus aureus cells - creates fibrin layer around cell prevents immune system from detecting bacteria |
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| exotoxins that affect the small intestine |
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| mechanisms of resisting pathogens is weakened |
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| preexisting ability to recognize pathogens or their toxins and destroy or inactivate them |
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Definition
relies on previous exposure to a pathogen
1. recognition
2. discrimination
3. elimination |
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Definition
| any molecule or protein of a molecule that stimulates a response in the immune system. |
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| ameobia like cells that ingest and destroy pathogens and alert other immune cells |
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| usually the first line of defense against pathogens |
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| pathogen-associated molecular patterns |
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| structures that are part of the cell of many commonly encountered pathogens |
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| type of differentiated B cells that produce antibodies to target the pathogen for destruction |
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| remain in bloodstream to provide secondary antibody response to subsequent re-exposure to the same pathogen |
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| pattern recognition receptors |
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Definition
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Definition
aka antibodies do not recognize whole molecules, but small regions of large molecules called epitopes
1 antibody binds 2 antigens |
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serum containing antibodies against the specific pathogen or toxin
think snake anti-venom |
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antibody mediated immunity
antibody production is stimulated by a series of events |
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Definition
| exotoxins that have been chemically inactivated but are still antigenic |
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Definition
| presence of abnormal pathogens in urine |
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Definition
| contains substances that inhibit growth of certain types of bacteria |
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| includes compounds that allows visualization of certain biochemical pathways and products |
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| common for testing of previous exposure or current infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. |
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| determined by the antibodies in a patient's blood |
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| a protein found on the surface of Staphylococcus aureus cells |
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calculated from therapeutic dose divided by toxic dose
the lower the index, the better the chemotherapeutic agent |
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| level at which drug becomes toxic to host |
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| aka penicillin binding proteins |
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| makes a hole in the membrane for ions to go through |
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| required for supercoiling of DNA |
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Definition
| has increased the prevalence of antibiotic resistant pathogens, especially in clinical settings |
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Definition
Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus
inhabits human intestinal and female genital tract |
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Definition
total number of existing cases
aka disease burden |
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Definition
| appearance of a large number of cases in a short time period |
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Definition
| number of new cases within population that occur during a specific time |
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| constantly present at low levels |
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| an increase in an infectious disease within a population above normal levels. |
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| disease is widespread across continents. |
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| symptoms are mild to non-existent |
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| deaths due to disease/total population of individuals |
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| incidence of disease (fatal or non)/total population of individuals |
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| places or populations that contain infectious agents capable of infecting susceptible individuals |
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| diseases that primarily infect animals but can also infect humans |
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| live agents that can transmit pathogens |
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| inanimate objects that can harbor pathogens |
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| eliminaties many common source diseases |
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| first occurrence of a disease aka patient zero |
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use of biological agents for harm
mostly category A: easily disseminated and highly contagious; high mortality rate and public panic |
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| bumps on the skin full of pus |
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Definition
removal of virus from population aided by
-only a human reservoir
-no asymptomatic carriers
-short periods of inefectivity
effective vaccine |
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| antibiotic that MRSA Is resistant to |
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Definition
| occur in individuals as a result of visiting some type of healthcare setting |
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pharyngitis
streptococcal pharyngitis |
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Definition
infection of the pharynx
Strep throat |
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Definition
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| Group A strep and Group B strep |
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| inflammatory response to localized infection - can restrict airways |
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| post exposure prophylaxis |
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Definition
prophylaxis is a preventative antibiotic
recommended for all family members and others who have had contact with an active pertussis individual |
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Definition
| membranes that line the skull and vertebral canal and enclose the brain and spinal cord. |
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| inflammation of the nasal mucosal membranes |
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| part of the influenza A virus - involved in viral release from host cells |
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| part of the influenza A virus - involved in viral attachment of host cells |
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| Asian Bird Flu H5N1 influenza |
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| Changes in the antigens of influenza virus are a major way of avoiding host immunity. |
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| toxic to leukocytes of immune system |
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| transmitted via blood transfusions, shared needles, tattooing and piercing, or sexually |
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| clumps in the nerve cells that contain the rabies virus |
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| ways different forms of viruses are identified |
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| from the LPS (part of E. coli) |
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| from the flagella protein (part of E. coli) |
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