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Exam 3
N/A
101
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
11/03/2014

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Alfred Binet
Definition
Method of assessing an individual’s mental aptitudes and comparing them to those of others, using numerical numbers
Term
Factor Analysis to explore arrangement of abilities
Definition
Statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie one’s total score
Term
General knowledge
Definition
Person's underlying general capacity to process complex information- to perform well on a variety of mental tasks
Term
Specific knowledge
Definition
A measure of specific skills in narrow domains
Term
Savant syndrome
Definition
Condition where a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional skill
Term
Social intelligence
Definition
Know-how involved in comprehending social situations and managing oneself successfully
Term
Emotional intelligence
Definition
Ability to perceive, express, understand, and regulate emotions
Term
Linguistic intelligence
Definition
Ability to learn and use languages to accomplish goals
Term
Logical-mathematical intelligence
Definition
Analyze problems logically, carry out mathematical problems
Term
Musical intelligence
Definition
Performance, composition, and appreciation of musical patterns
Term
Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence
Definition
Potential of using one’s whole body or parts of the body to solve problems
Term
Spatial intelligence
Definition
Involves potential to recognize and use the patterns of wide space and more confined areas
Term
Interpersonal intelligence
Definition
Capacity to understand the intentions, motivations, and desires of other people
Term
Intrapersonal intelligence
Definition
Capacity to understand oneself, to appreciate one’s feelings, fears, and motivations
Term
Naturalistic intelligence
Definition
Awareness of relations between self and setting
Term
Creativity
Definition
Ability to produce novel and valuable ideas
Term
Mental age
Definition
Measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet, chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance
Term
Stanford-Binet Test
Definition
Tests ages 2 to 85+ years
Term
WPPSI
Definition
2:6 and 7:7 years
Term
WISC
Definition
6:0 and 16:11 years
Term
WAIS
Definition
16:0 and 90:11 years; most widely used
Term
Main cognitive domains assessed within the Wechsler tests
Definition
Verbal, Performance, Working Memory, Processing Speed
Term
Intelligence quotient
Definition
MA/CA * 100; becomes harder for adults to score high due to their age increasing the size of the denominator
Term
Mental vs. Chronological age
Definition
Chronological: Actual age
Mental: Age according to intelligence
Term
Normal curve
Definition
Bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes
Term
Superior intelligence
Definition
Score between 115 and 130
Term
Mental retardation
Definition
Score between 50 and 70
Term
Gifted
Definition
Score above 130
Term
Mild mental retardation
Definition
50-70; may learn academic skills up to sixth-grade level
Term
Moderate mental retardation
Definition
35-49; may progress to second-grade level academically
Term
Severe mental retardation
Definition
20-34; may learn to talk and perform simple work tasks under close supervision
Term
Profound mental retardation
Definition
Below 20; require constant aid and supervision
Term
Aptitude test
Definition
Designed to predict a person’s future performance; capacity to learn
Term
Achievement test
Definition
Designed to assess what a person has learned
Term
Standardization
Definition
Defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested “standardization group”
Term
Reliability
Definition
Extent to which a test yields consistent results; consistency of scores on two halves of the test, alternate forms of a test, or retesting
Term
Validity
Definition
Extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to
Term
Content validity
Definition
Extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest
Term
Predictive validity
Definition
Test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict
Term
Genetics and intelligence
Definition
The most genetically similar people have the most similar scores
Term
Heritability
Definition
Proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes
Term
Child-parent
Definition
Children with their birth parents have higher verbal ability scores
Term
Schooling effect
Definition
Schooling raises cognitive skills
Term
Personality
Definition
An individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
Term
Sigmund Freud
Definition
Proposes that unconscious motivations and conflicts influence personality
Term
Free association
Definition
Method of exploring the unconscious; person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind
Term
Id
Definition
Primitive and unconscious part of personality; not reality based; strives to satisfy basic drives
Term
Ego
Definition
Largely conscious, executive part of personality; reality based; mediates between id and superego
Term
Superego
Definition
Spans all levels of consciousness; not reality based; moral ideals and conscience
Term
Conscious
Definition
All things that we are aware of at any given moment
Term
Preconscious
Definition
Everything that can, with a little effort, be brought into consciousness
Term
Unconscious
Definition
Inaccessible warehouse of anxiety-producing thoughts and drives
Term
Defense mechanism
Definition
Ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
Term
Repression
Definition
Basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness
Term
Regression
Definition
Individual retreats, when faced with anxiety to a more infantile stage of development
Term
Reaction formation
Definition
Ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites
Term
Projection
Definition
People disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others
Term
Rationalization
Definition
Offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one’s actions
Term
Displacement
Definition
Shifts sexual/aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person
Term
Sublimation
Definition
Rechanneling of unacceptable impulses into socially approved activities
Term
Oral
Definition
Birth to 18 months
Term
Anal
Definition
18 months to 3 years
Term
Phallic
Definition
3 years to 5 years; Superego develops
Term
Latency
Definition
5 years to 12 years
Term
Genital
Definition
Puberty
Term
Identification
Definition
Occurs during phallic stage
Term
Fixation
Definition
Being stuck in a specific way of mentally representing a problem
Term
Projective
Definition
People will project their unconscious feelings and conflicts onto the ambiguous test material
Term
Psychoanalytic explanation
Definition
Theory founded by Freud based on the notion that human beings are driven by unconscious conflicts and desires originating primarily in experiences of early childhood
Term
Gordon Allport
Definition
Describes people’s traits rather than explain them
Term
Trait
Definition
Pattern of characteristic behavior and conscious motives
Term
Oversimplified descriptions of personality
Definition
Shy-inhibited vs. Fearless-uninhibited
Type A vs. Type B
Body Type classification: Endomorph, Ectomorph, Mesomorph
Term
Factor analysis
Definition
Statistical tool that helps identify strong relationships among behaviors
Term
Eysenck's two-factor theory
Definition
Two primary personality factors as axes for describing personality variation
Term
Big 5
Definition
Emotional stability
Extraversion
Openness
Agreeableness
Conscientiousness
Term
Emotional stability
Definition
Calm vs. anxious, secure vs. insecure, self-satisfied vs. self-pitying
Term
Extraversion
Definition
Social vs. retiring, fun-loving vs. sober, affectionate vs. reserved
Term
Openness
Definition
Imaginative vs. practical, variety vs. routine, independent vs. conforming
Term
Agreeableness
Definition
Soft-hearted vs. ruthless, trusting vs. suspicious, helpful vs. uncooperative
Term
Conscientiousness
Definition
Organized vs. disorganized, careful vs. careless, disciplined vs. impulsive
Term
MMPI
Definition
Most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests; empirically derived tests
Term
Empirical criterion keying
Definition
Test items that distinguished between people with a disorder and those without it
Term
Trait explanation
Definition
Variation is behavior, situational impacts (trait-situation interaction)
Term
Carl Rogers
Definition
Innate tendency for growth and positive change; who am I and who would I like to be?
Term
Self-concept
Definition
Sum total of a person’s evaluation of the nature and quality of his or her unique existence
Term
Ideal self vs. real self
Definition
Greater the distance, the greater the levels of stress
Term
Self-discrepancies
Definition
Consequences arise when an individual compares one self-state to another self-state and that find that a discrepancy exists between the two
Term
Unconditional positive regard (UPR)
Definition
Attitude of total acceptance toward another person
Term
Self-actualization
Definition
Realization of one’s dreams and capabilties
Term
Maslow's Hierarchy of needs
Definition
States that people are motivated to achieve certain needs, once one is fulfilled they seek to fulfill the next one; biological/physiological, safety, love and belonging, esteem, self-actualization
Term
Humanistic explanation
Definition
Carl Rogers; people nurture our growth by being genuine, accepting, and empathetic
Term
Reciprocal determinism
Definition
Interacting influences between personality and environmental factors
Term
Personal control
Definition
Sense of controlling our environments
Term
Locus of external control
Definition
Believe that his/her is determined by chance or outside forces that are beyond their own personal control
Term
Locus of internal control
Definition
Believe you control your own destiny and that your behaviors are under your control
Term
Learned helplessness
Definition
Hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events
Term
Social cognitive explanation
Definition
We learn behaviors through observation, modeling, and motivation such as positive reinforcement
Term
Psychoanalysis
Definition
Importance of early childhood experiences and the unconscious mind
Term
Trait perspective
Definition
Centered on identifying, describing, and measuring the specific traits hat make up the human personality
Term
Humanistic
Definition
Psychological growth, free will, and personal awareness
Term
Social-cognitive
Definition
Emphasizes the importance of observational learning, self-efficacy, situational influences, and cognitive processes
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