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Definition
| Method of assessing an individual’s mental aptitudes and comparing them to those of others, using numerical numbers |
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| Factor Analysis to explore arrangement of abilities |
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| Statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie one’s total score |
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| Person's underlying general capacity to process complex information- to perform well on a variety of mental tasks |
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| A measure of specific skills in narrow domains |
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| Condition where a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional skill |
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| Know-how involved in comprehending social situations and managing oneself successfully |
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| Ability to perceive, express, understand, and regulate emotions |
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| Ability to learn and use languages to accomplish goals |
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| Logical-mathematical intelligence |
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| Analyze problems logically, carry out mathematical problems |
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| Performance, composition, and appreciation of musical patterns |
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| Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence |
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Definition
| Potential of using one’s whole body or parts of the body to solve problems |
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| Involves potential to recognize and use the patterns of wide space and more confined areas |
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| Interpersonal intelligence |
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Definition
| Capacity to understand the intentions, motivations, and desires of other people |
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| Intrapersonal intelligence |
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Definition
| Capacity to understand oneself, to appreciate one’s feelings, fears, and motivations |
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| Naturalistic intelligence |
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Definition
| Awareness of relations between self and setting |
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| Ability to produce novel and valuable ideas |
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| Measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet, chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance |
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| Tests ages 2 to 85+ years |
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| 16:0 and 90:11 years; most widely used |
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| Main cognitive domains assessed within the Wechsler tests |
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Definition
| Verbal, Performance, Working Memory, Processing Speed |
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Definition
| MA/CA * 100; becomes harder for adults to score high due to their age increasing the size of the denominator |
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| Mental vs. Chronological age |
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Definition
Chronological: Actual age
Mental: Age according to intelligence |
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Definition
| Bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes |
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| Score between 115 and 130 |
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| 50-70; may learn academic skills up to sixth-grade level |
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| Moderate mental retardation |
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Definition
| 35-49; may progress to second-grade level academically |
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| Severe mental retardation |
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Definition
| 20-34; may learn to talk and perform simple work tasks under close supervision |
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| Profound mental retardation |
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Definition
| Below 20; require constant aid and supervision |
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| Designed to predict a person’s future performance; capacity to learn |
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| Designed to assess what a person has learned |
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| Defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested “standardization group” |
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Definition
| Extent to which a test yields consistent results; consistency of scores on two halves of the test, alternate forms of a test, or retesting |
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Definition
| Extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to |
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Definition
| Extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest |
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Definition
| Test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict |
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| Genetics and intelligence |
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Definition
| The most genetically similar people have the most similar scores |
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Definition
| Proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes |
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Definition
| Children with their birth parents have higher verbal ability scores |
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| Schooling raises cognitive skills |
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Definition
| An individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting |
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| Proposes that unconscious motivations and conflicts influence personality |
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| Method of exploring the unconscious; person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind |
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| Primitive and unconscious part of personality; not reality based; strives to satisfy basic drives |
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| Largely conscious, executive part of personality; reality based; mediates between id and superego |
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| Spans all levels of consciousness; not reality based; moral ideals and conscience |
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| All things that we are aware of at any given moment |
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Definition
| Everything that can, with a little effort, be brought into consciousness |
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Definition
| Inaccessible warehouse of anxiety-producing thoughts and drives |
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Definition
| Ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality |
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Definition
| Basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness |
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Definition
| Individual retreats, when faced with anxiety to a more infantile stage of development |
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| Ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites |
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Definition
| People disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others |
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Definition
| Offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one’s actions |
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Definition
| Shifts sexual/aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person |
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| Rechanneling of unacceptable impulses into socially approved activities |
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| 3 years to 5 years; Superego develops |
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| Occurs during phallic stage |
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| Being stuck in a specific way of mentally representing a problem |
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Definition
| People will project their unconscious feelings and conflicts onto the ambiguous test material |
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| Psychoanalytic explanation |
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Definition
| Theory founded by Freud based on the notion that human beings are driven by unconscious conflicts and desires originating primarily in experiences of early childhood |
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Definition
| Describes people’s traits rather than explain them |
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Definition
| Pattern of characteristic behavior and conscious motives |
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| Oversimplified descriptions of personality |
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Definition
Shy-inhibited vs. Fearless-uninhibited
Type A vs. Type B
Body Type classification: Endomorph, Ectomorph, Mesomorph |
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Definition
| Statistical tool that helps identify strong relationships among behaviors |
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| Eysenck's two-factor theory |
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Definition
| Two primary personality factors as axes for describing personality variation |
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Definition
Emotional stability
Extraversion
Openness
Agreeableness
Conscientiousness |
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Definition
| Calm vs. anxious, secure vs. insecure, self-satisfied vs. self-pitying |
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Definition
| Social vs. retiring, fun-loving vs. sober, affectionate vs. reserved |
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Definition
| Imaginative vs. practical, variety vs. routine, independent vs. conforming |
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| Soft-hearted vs. ruthless, trusting vs. suspicious, helpful vs. uncooperative |
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| Organized vs. disorganized, careful vs. careless, disciplined vs. impulsive |
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| Most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests; empirically derived tests |
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| Empirical criterion keying |
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Definition
| Test items that distinguished between people with a disorder and those without it |
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Definition
| Variation is behavior, situational impacts (trait-situation interaction) |
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Definition
| Innate tendency for growth and positive change; who am I and who would I like to be? |
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Definition
| Sum total of a person’s evaluation of the nature and quality of his or her unique existence |
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Definition
| Greater the distance, the greater the levels of stress |
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Definition
| Consequences arise when an individual compares one self-state to another self-state and that find that a discrepancy exists between the two |
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| Unconditional positive regard (UPR) |
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Definition
| Attitude of total acceptance toward another person |
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Definition
| Realization of one’s dreams and capabilties |
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| Maslow's Hierarchy of needs |
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Definition
| States that people are motivated to achieve certain needs, once one is fulfilled they seek to fulfill the next one; biological/physiological, safety, love and belonging, esteem, self-actualization |
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Definition
| Carl Rogers; people nurture our growth by being genuine, accepting, and empathetic |
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Definition
| Interacting influences between personality and environmental factors |
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Definition
| Sense of controlling our environments |
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| Locus of external control |
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Definition
| Believe that his/her is determined by chance or outside forces that are beyond their own personal control |
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| Locus of internal control |
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Definition
| Believe you control your own destiny and that your behaviors are under your control |
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Definition
| Hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events |
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| Social cognitive explanation |
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Definition
| We learn behaviors through observation, modeling, and motivation such as positive reinforcement |
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Definition
| Importance of early childhood experiences and the unconscious mind |
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Definition
| Centered on identifying, describing, and measuring the specific traits hat make up the human personality |
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Definition
| Psychological growth, free will, and personal awareness |
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Term
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Definition
| Emphasizes the importance of observational learning, self-efficacy, situational influences, and cognitive processes |
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