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| group of individuals who are related in some way, usually living together, having responsibility for rearing children and functioning as an economic unit |
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| parent and children: family of orientation (into which one is born) and family of procreation (one's spouse and children) |
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| blended (reconstituted) family |
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| spouses and children from former marriages live together as nuclear family; actually an old form (widows) |
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| each divorced parent establishes a separate household and children spend time in both households |
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| composed of 2 or more generations of kin who function as an independent social and economic unit: traditional societies; complex division of labor |
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network of people who are related by marriage, blood, or social practice (adoption); allows society to perpetuate itself over time
1. all societies must socialize children/transmit property etc
2. allows for creation of complex social bonds |
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| social bonds based on marriage; may unite hundreds of people who otherwise would have no bonds--> produce highly unified groups |
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| when two individuals become involved in a socially approved relationship that involves intimate, mutual, long-term obligations, and when they have fulfilled customary or legal requirements |
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| emotional identification between 2 individuals that is so intense that they are convinced they cannot be happy without each other; actually a social process that facilitates marriage in some societies |
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| relationship between people who are preparing for marriage to each other |
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| people overwhelmingly choose spouses of their own race, ethnicity, religion and social class |
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| when people marry outside their group |
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| physical closeness; constrains romantic love, tendency to choose prospective spouses from people close to them |
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| marriage consisting of multiple spouses |
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| marriage of one husband and 2 or more wives |
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| marriage of one wife and 2 or more husbands |
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| marriage of several wives and several husbands, each of whom is married to all other spouses |
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| how many societies favor form of marriage other than monogamy |
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| 3/4; but most of the world is monogamous because polygamous societies are small |
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| who can polygamy be practiced by |
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| where accepted: wealthy men who can afford to support more than one wife and many children |
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| American household in 1980 |
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| one in three consisted of married couple with children under 18 |
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| one in four like 1980. majority now include married couple and most children live with mother and father |
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| law permits a person to have more than one spouse, but not at the same time. Marry divorce, remarry redivorce etc. popular because marriage is popular |
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in 2000 17 million single parent families in US.
adversely affects women more than men (27% decrease vs men 10% increase in standard of life)
poverty becoming feminized |
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| sociologists define as family because fulfills all functions of traditional family; american society doesnt |
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| first state to legalize same sex marriage |
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| Massachusetts in 2004; now California, connecticut, new jersey, and vermont |
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| partners share household and engage in intimate social and sexual relationship without being formally married; about 2 million american couples |
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| physical, psychological, emotional, sexual and verbal- abuse of one family member by a noter |
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| one-fifth of adult women have been abused |
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| for the first time majority of American families consisted of a breadwinner-husband a home maker wife and children in school |
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| most rapid increase in unwed pregnancies |
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| early marriage, child rearing, empty nest, retirement |
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| about half of marriages during last 2 decades will end in divorce; most eventually remarry |
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| transferal of knowledge, values and beliefs of a society from one generation to the next |
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education transcends race, class, and gender; every person has right and obligation to at least high school education funded by public revenues;
more than 80% of population is now graduating, more than 11% of population is functionally illiterate |
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each state responsibility is delegated to local communities and school districts that act through elected boards to decide matters of curriculum, administration, etc
many communities schools within same school district get allocated fewer resources than others |
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U.S. first industrial nation to adopt notion of mass education (everyone is entitled)
necessary for democracy
US extends notion to higher education |
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| american schools teach subjects related to occupational careers, subjects to help health, math, reading and writing |
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| academic degrees viewed as credentials that indicate holder's qualifications to perform certain jobs and social roles |
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rests on traditional values of conformity, selectivity, and standardized planning;
broad base elementary feeding to smaller number of high schools that support tiny number of elite universities;
all students have much of same innate ability and differences in academic performance is due to lack of effort |
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| racial and ethnic segregation |
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used to be segregated by race but in 1954 Supreme Court ordered an end to racial segregation in public schools;
1991 Supreme court ruled that school districts which had achieved integration could end busing |
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| required transporting students from one neighborhood to a school in different neighborhood; never produced complete racial integration |
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| one in ten in US; student whose first language is not English but who is learning english |
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| No Child Left Behind (NCLB) |
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| passed in 2001. requires states to annually test math and reading ability of public school students in grades 3 through 8 and at least one in high school; still don't know its success |
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| recognized fundamental importance of religion especially in regard to emergence of capitalism in western europe |
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| Emile Durkheim- we encounter religious mysteries but we still believe in them |
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sacred- supernatural significance
profane- things that are regarded as part of ordinary life |
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provides continuity from one generation to next
looks after mundane matters
provides support for members |
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| economic system in which means of production are privately owned and market forces determine production and distribution |
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| economic system in which the means of production are collectively owned and state directs production and distribution (cuba) |
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| as we know it; rests on assumption that free market exists, private individuals may own property and people are free to pursue profits for themselves |
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impersonal economic forces- greets good for greets number of people within society and provide that marketplace is free from artificial obstacles; government laissez-faire (not interfering) ;
high quality goods available at lowest price; benefit to consumer and broader society |
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| direct or indirect (owning stock) |
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| consequences of capitalism |
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free market is heartless (changes in supply and demand wipe out companies and leave people without jobs);
when recession- millions thrown out of work because firms exercise rights to throw out workers |
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everyone should share equally in goods and services produced by society;
government should decide which goods are produced, how distributed, and at what prices they are sold;
government acquires ownership of society's strategic businesses and industries (private ownership increases inequality); |
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| socialism- more equity in sense that more people have access to essential services and gap between wealth and poverty is smaller; BUT suffer from bureaucratization (Weber- in order to control economy gov. establish a vast network of agencies with rules and long lines-- inconvenient) |
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| ability to achieve ends despite resistance (weber)- what political order is based on |
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| Weber (legitimate and illegitimate power) |
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legitimate- when society approves of the way in which power is applied (authority)
illigetimate- coercion |
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authority that is legitimated by historical beliefs and practices of society
monarchs, emperors, nobility |
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legitimate because of rules and laws that define the rights, duties, and obligations of rulers and followers;
resides in position rather than qualities of individual |
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legitimate because of individuals exceptional personal attributes (personality, energy, aura of wisdom)
examples: joan of arc, abraham lincoln, martin luther king jr. |
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1. people excluded from processes of gov.
2. little or not opposition to gov. allowed
3. gov has litte interest in daily lives of people (if they don't threaten gov or policies)
most popular - used to be monarchy |
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| rule by small group of military officers (authoritarian) |
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gov has unlimited power, tolerates no opposition, exercises close control over citizens
relatively new (emerged most fully during twentieth century because technology made it possible) |
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| allows people to have an input in government decisions and permits people to elect/dismiss leaders |
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world population reached 6 billion in 1999.
if grows at current rate will double in 45 years
US receive about 800,000 immigrants/refugees each year |
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| low rate of natural population increase but high rate of immigration; |
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allows nations like US to not have labor shortages
helps alleviate effects of severe population pressure in other parts of the world |
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| number of births per 1000 population |
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| rate of population growth (natural increase) |
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| differential between crude birthrate and death rate |
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| population growth rates of most nations |
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| .1% to 3.0% with older more industrialized nations grouped at low end |
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| what people want or expect in the way of material well-being |
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| what people actually obtain |
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growing at rate of 1% per year;
immigration has reached levels unmatched since early in 20th century
"nation of immigrants" |
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| US immigration and naturalization service (INS) |
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| estimates about 30 million people come across borders of US each year; most temporary |
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between 2000 and 2004 about 4.6 million (eventual citizenship)
slightly over 10% of US population is foreign born
vast majority tend to stay in only few cities/regions |
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no one really knows how many;
INS locates more than 1.2 million illegal immigrants a year; estimate 3 million now residing
mostly Mexico and central america, but asia and europe also increasing;
many exploited |
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| breaking down of national boundaries because of advances in communications trade and travel |
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