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Definition
The divison of the cytoplasm of a cell after nuclear division. Cytoplasmic division is accomplished by
Cytokinesis. |
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Definition
| Carry the genetic material and this information can be crossed over from generation to generation with no loses and no errors. The prime actors in the division process are the chromsomes, structers made up of protein and DNA that contol cell activities. |
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Definition
| Each chromosome its composed of two parallel strands of equal length held together at some point along their length. These strands are called Chromatids. |
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| The structure that forms at the equator of the spindle during early telophase during the dividing of cells of plants and few green algea. |
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Definition
Since each chromosome is considered at dyad, each pair of chromosomes contains four chromatids and the joined pair is considered a tetrad.
The two dyads of a homologous pair of chromosomes joined together during prophase and metaphase of meiosis -- four chromatides and two centromeres -- considered as two chromosomes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Each chromsome should have two chromatids and the chromsomes should be identical in length and in the position of the centromeres making them homologous chromosomes. Pair of the same kind of chromosome in a diaploid cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| Process of nuclear division. Mitosis and Meiosis are terms that refer to divion of the nucleus or Karyokinesis. |
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Term
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Definition
| When the cell is not dividing during interphase, the chromosomes are in the form of chromatin, long thin tangled threads. The chromatin is duplicated once, during interphase. |
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Definition
| Each strand of chromatid is held together at some point along their length. The point in which they are joined is called the centromere |
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Term
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Definition
| A chromosome with one single chromatid is a monad, which appear during anaphase after they are seperated and dragged to opposite sides of the poles. Chromosome consisting of a single chromatid and centromere. |
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Term
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Definition
| At the end of prophase, the chromosomes are at their shortest and thickest stage. They now line up on a plane equidistant from the two poles. This plane is called the metaphase plate. |
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Definition
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Definition
| During Synapsis, chromosomes may exchange genetic material. This exchange is called crossing-over. |
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Term
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Definition
| A cytoplasmic organell located outside the nuclear membrane, identical in structure to the basal body: found in animal cells and flagellated cells of other groups; divides and organizes spindle fibers during mitosis and meiosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| A chromosome consisting of two chromatids helded together by a single centromere is refered to as a dyad. (considered to be one chromosome) |
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Term
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Definition
| Early in prophase one during Meiosis, as the chromatin is shortening and thickening into chromosomes, the homologous chromosomes comes together and line up along their entire length. This process is called synapsis. |
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Definition
| The monads in each pair of chromosomes are known as sister chromatids. |
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Term
| The phases of Mitosis and Meosis and the major events of each phase |
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Definition
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Term
| Recognize phases of mitosis and meosis from any prepared slides, models |
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Definition
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Term
| Be able to compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis |
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Definition
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Term
| Be able to apply meiosios to the inheritance of genetic information |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Is the term applied to the process by which nuclei divide, producing new nuclei identical to the original nucleus |
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Definition
| Parents, parental generation. The first generation in a sequence of genetic crosses |
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Definition
| "First Filial Generation". The set of offspring produced in the first generation from the parental cross. ("Filial") pertains to sons and daughters.) Similarily F2, F3 . . . Refer to subsequent generations |
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Term
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Definition
| A particular hereditary determiner; a unit of inheritance; a unit of DNA; located in a fixed location (locus) in a chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| The precise location of a gene on a chromosome (plural = loci) |
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Definition
| A gene that gives an alternative expression of the same character in conrtrast to other forms of the gene that may appear at a particular locus |
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Term
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Definition
a condition in which the two genes present at a particular locus are different alleles.
ex. Hh |
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Definition
| condition in which the two genes present at a particular locus are identical (the same allele) |
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Definition
| Homozygous condition in which both genes at a particular locus are the dominant allele. |
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Definition
| Homozygous condition in which both genes at a particular locus are the recesive allele. |
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Definition
| The genetic make-up on an individual - shown by symbols |
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Definition
| The physical, behavioral, and chemical forms determined by an individual's gentotype -- described by means of words rather than symbols |
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Definition
| The relative frequencies of the various possible genotypes to be expected in the offspring of a particular cross |
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Definition
| The relative frequencies of the various possible phenotypes to be expected in the offspring of a particular cross. |
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Definition
| A cross involving a single locus |
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Definition
a cross involving two loci
( on non-homologous chromosomes) |
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Definition
| applied to one memeber of an allelic pair lacking the ability to manifest itself wholly or largely to the exclusion of the expression of the other one |
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Term
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Definition
| applied to one memeber of an alleic pair lacking the ability to manifest itself when the other or dominant member is present -- produces its phenotype only when homozygous |
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Definition
| an organism or cell with two sets of chromosomes, symbolically referred to as "2N" -- in humans, having 46 chromosomes |
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Definition
| An organism or cell having only one set of chromomes, symbolically represented as "N" -- in humans, having 23 chromosomes |
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Definition
| A mature male or female reproductive cell (sperm or egg) |
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Term
| Know the life cycle of the Drosophila, correctly recognize the phenotypes used in this exersize. |
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Definition
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Term
| Be able to correctly formulate null and alternate hypotheses, conduct a chi-square test, determine degrees of freedom, and understand for what type of data this statistical test is appropriate. Know when to accept or reject the null hypothesis in a chi-square test. |
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Term
| Be able to apply meiosis to the inheritance of genetic information |
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Definition
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Definition
| The region of an enzyme surface to which a specific set of substrates binds, lowering the activation energy required for a particular chemical reaction and so facilitating it. |
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Definition
| An inhibitor that binds to the same active site as an enzymes substrate, there by competeing with the substrate |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| is a qualification on an enzymatic reaction and the factors that influence the rate of the reaction. |
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| Non-competive/allosteric inhibitor |
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Definition
| An inhibitor that binds to a location other than the active site of an enzyme, changing the enzymes shape so that it cannot bind to the substrate. |
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Term
| What are enzymes and coenzymes? How do they function in cellular metabolism? |
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Definition
| Enzyme is a protein that is capable of speeding up specific chemical reactions by lowering the required activation energy. Coenzyme a non-protein organic molecule such as NAD that plays an accessory role enzyme catalyzed processes, often by acting as a donor or acceptor of electrons. |
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Term
| What is the relationship between an active site and a substrate? |
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Definition
Substrates bind to the active site
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Term
| What were the enzyme and the substrate used in this expiriment? What was the source of the enzyme and what were the end products? |
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Definition
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Term
| Explain the difference between competive and non-competitive inhibition? What is an allosteric site? |
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Definition
| Competitive binds reversably so it cannot be converted to product. Non-competitive binds to a site other than the active site (an allosteric site). When this happens, it decreases the ability of the enzyme to catalyze the raction, thus lowering the reaction velocity. |
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Term
| In this expiriement, what was the function of guaiacol? |
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Definition
| measured the amount of oxygen being produced. Guaiacol is a colorless compund that turns brown in the presence of O2 and can thus be quantified spectromically. |
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Term
| What was the control in this expiriement? |
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Definition
Guaiacol 0.1ml
Turnip Extract 1.0 ml
pH 7.0 Buffer 8.9 ml |
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Term
What were (or would be) the effects of and how would you perform the following:
Adding more substrate?
Adding more enzyme?
Changing the temperature?
Changing pH? |
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Definition
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Term
| Can you analyze graphs in terms of enzyme activity? |
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Definition
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Term
| CELLULAR RESPIRATION AND PHOTOSYNTHESIS |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Any process that can occur without oxygen, such as anaerobic fermentation or
H2S photosynthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| A cell-like organelle present in algea and plants that contain chlorophyll (and usually other pigments) and carries out photosynthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| The primary type of light absorbing pigment in photosynthesis. Chlorophyll a absorbs light in violet-blue and red ranges of the visible light spectrum; Chlorophyll b is an accessory pirment to chlorophyll a, absorbing light in the blue to red-orange range. neither pigment absorbes color in the green ranges. |
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Term
| Thin layer chromatography |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
| The Anarobic breakdown of glucose; this enzyme-catalyzed process yeilds two molecules of pyruvate with a net of two molecules of ATP |
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Term
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Definition
| Requiring free oxygen; any biological process that can occur in the presence of gaseous oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
| Pigements responsible for light absorption as well as the light-dependent reactions are found in the membranes of the chloropast (the grana) and the light-independent reactions are found in the fluid interior of the chloroplast (the stroma) |
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Term
| Carotenoids & Xanthophylls |
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Definition
| Any group of accessory pigments found in plants; in addition to absorbing light energy, these pigments act as antioxidants, scavenging potentialy damaging free radicals. Carontenoids and Xanthophylls are other pigments that participate in photosynthesis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chlorophyll floreses under ultra violet light |
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Term
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Definition
| The relationship of absorbtin vs. wavelength for a pigment molecule. This indicates which wavelenths are absorbed maximally by a pigment. For example, chlorophyll a absorbes most strongly in the violet-blue and reds of the visible light spectrum |
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Term
| Know the raw materials and end products of gycolysis and aerobic respiration. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is facultative anaerobe? An obligate anaerobe? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of respiration did the chick-peas undergo? At what temperature did the respire most rapidly? Why? |
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Definition
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Term
| What were the functions of phenolphthalein and sulfuric acid? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the relationship between the amount of carbon dioxide produced and the change in pH? |
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Definition
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Term
| Can you calculate the number of micromoles (μmoles) of carbon dioxide produced per ml per hour? How many μmoles of glucose were being consumed per hour by your peas. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the raw materials and end products of photosynthesis? What does photosynthesis accomplish for individual plants and the ecosystem? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of chloroplasts and the various pigments in the chloroplast? How did you extract the pigments and measure the absorption spectrum? |
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Definition
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Term
| What was the function of CaCO3 in this exersize? What gas production did you measure? |
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Definition
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Term
| What part(s) of the visible spectrum is/are absorbed by chlorophyll? Which part(s) is/are absorbed the least (i.e., which is reflected the most)? How do you determine, quantitatively, the answers to the previous two questions? |
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Definition
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