Term
| What is the number one way to stop the spread of disease causing microbes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The removal of all life forms, including bacterial spores. No living microbes present. |
|
Definition
| Sterilization; sterile environment |
|
|
Term
| To remove microbes or reduce their populations to a safe level as determined by public health standards. "Acceptable" level of microbes will be present |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is involved with the food industry: restaurants/frozen foods/processed foods.
Varies state to state; "acceptable levels" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Referring to any agent that kills microbes
Ex. kills fungi, yeast, milds, viruses, bacteria, etc. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Referring to any agent that kills bacterial cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Referring to any agent that kills fungi |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Referring to any substance that prevents the growth of bacteria; inhibits growth but doesn't kill |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For lab media: what is the time, pounds of pressure, and temperature to kill microbes and all possible endospores? |
|
Definition
| 15 minutes, 15 pounds of pressure @ 121° celsius |
|
|
Term
| What is a hospital acquired infection known as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A disorder acquired during an individual's stay at a hospital or chronic care facility |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two most common nosocomial infections? |
|
Definition
| MRSA & Clostridium Difficile |
|
|
Term
| The temperature required to kill a bacterial population in a given length of time. Lowest temp that will kill a population in 10 minutes |
|
Definition
| Thermal Death Point (TDP) |
|
|
Term
| The length of time required to kill a bacterial population at a given temperature. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of microbial control methods are the following: heath, incineration, hot dry air, boiling, steam/pressure, UV light, etc. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Not super effective to rid microbes in water; would need approx 30 minutes to rid of microbes this way. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long would you need to boil water to rid it of microbes? Of all endospores and viruses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Autoclaving; 15 minutes, 15 pounds of pressure at 121° celsius. What type of physical control is this? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Using a hot flame to kill bacteria. This is used when we flame our loops in lab. Occurs at 1600° celsius. What type of physical control is this? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of pasteurization? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are two bacterias found in milk? |
|
Definition
| Lactobacillus and lactococcus |
|
|
Term
| Does pasteurization always rid milk of microbes? |
|
Definition
| No; but it does reduce the amount present |
|
|
Term
| Method of pasteurization not discussed in class: involves heating at 63º celsius for 30 minutes. |
|
Definition
| Holding (or batch) method |
|
|
Term
| Early form of sterilization involving exposure to free-flowing stream at 100° celsius for 30 minutes on each of 3 successive days with incubation periods at room temp between intermittent steaming |
|
Definition
| Tyndallization (intermittent sterilization) |
|
|
Term
| Very fast method of pasteurization; the liquid is held at 71.6° C for 3 (15 in lecture) seconds. This is the type of pasteurization done with milk in fridges. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Type of pasteurization in which the liquid is heated at 140° C for 3 seconds. This sterilizes the liquid if done under aseptic conditions. This is the type of pasteurization done with freeze dried milk, milk on shelves. |
|
Definition
| Ultra High Temperature (UHT) |
|
|
Term
| How is water involved with alcohol as a disinfectant? |
|
Definition
| When water is present, it allows for the denaturation of proteins. |
|
|
Term
| Mechanical method used to remove microorganisms suspended in liquids or gases. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most common kind of filter. Consists of a pad of nitrocellulose acetate or polycarbonate mounted in a holding device. As fluid passes through, organisms are trapped. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Type of filter that purifies the air; consists of a mat of randomly arranged fibers that trap particles, microorganisms, and spores. |
|
Definition
| HEPA - high efficiency particulate air filter |
|
|
Term
| Fast, reliable, relatively inexpensive form of physical control. Most common physical control method. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This method of physical control takes more time. Useful for sterilizing lab equipment such as glassware. Removes water from microorganisms, burns them slowly |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An instrument used to sterilize microbiological materials by means of high temperature using steam under pressure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Involves the introduction of thymine dimers in DNA, disrupting replication and transcription. This type of physical control however DOES NOT penetrate liquids or solids. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Physical control in which ions quickly combine with cellular water and free radicals. This affects cellular metabolism and physiology; often causes mutations. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Preservation by salting; water diffuses out of microorganisms toward the higher salt concentration and lower water concentration. This leaves microorganisms dehydrated and they die. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What bacteria has endospores? |
|
Definition
| Bacillius and Clostridium |
|
|
Term
| Reduction 90% every minute so alcohol swab skin for 1 minute before injections or blood samples. What is this an example of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why do we not want to give honey to small children? |
|
Definition
| Honey contains antigens/antibacterials. Young children do not have an immune response to deal with the natural antigens found in honey |
|
|
Term
| A chemical used to kill or reduce pathogenic microorganisms on a living object, such as the surface of the human body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A chemical used to kill or inhibit pathogenic microorganisms on a lifeless object such as a tabletop |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The growth and spreading of bacteria or other toxins in the blood and tissues |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A collapse of the cirulatory and respiratory systems caused by an overwhelming immune response |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The process or method of bringing about a condition in which no unwanted microbes are present |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A procedure for determing bacterial susceptibility to an antibiotic/disinfectant by determining if bacterial growth occurs around it. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The area around a chemically soaked paper disk/antibiotic where growth is inhibited |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the disk diffusion test also known as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Natural antiseptic that inhibits the growth of streptococcus mutans; one of the bacterial species causing tooth decay. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Natural antiseptic that has 2 proteins in it that interfere with the bacterial cell wall and the other interacting with the bacterial cell membrane. Contains antigens of the environment, it is antibacterial, and contains antioxidents |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Natural antiseptic that has antifungal properties. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Natural antiseptic that is a heavy sulfur food that inhibits bacteria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two halogens that represent intermediate level chemical agents? They are oxidizing agents or protein synthesis inhibitors; killing almost always occurs within 30 minutes after application |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Halogen that is effective against a broad variety of organisms. At high concentrations, can be sporicidal. Widely used in water supplies, swimming pools |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Halogen compound that that causes cellular proteins to denature, destroying their function. Useful in very dilute solutions for sanitizing commercial and factory equipment. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Slightly larger than the chlorine atom and is more reactive and more germicidal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What % is the iodine that is used as antiseptic for wounds? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Antiseptic that damages microbes and many endospores by reacting with enzymes and with proteins in the cell membrane and cell wall. Binds with the cytoplasmic proteins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Low level to intermediate level chemical agent. Remains the standard against which other antiseptics and disinfectants are evaluted. What test is this known as? Acts by denaturing proteins; especially in the cell membrane. |
|
Definition
Phenol
Phenol Coefficient Test |
|
|
Term
| Low level chemical agents that inactivate enzymes and structural proteins. Includes an inhibitor of algae, one is placed in the eyes of infants to protect against infection after birth, one is very toxic to the host |
|
Definition
| Copper, Silver, Mercury: heavy metals |
|
|
Term
| Placed in baby's eyes as drops to prevent infection from mother. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of bonds do heavy metal salts disrupt? Why? |
|
Definition
| Disrupt disulfide bonds. This is because of the high affinity and attraction for sulfur and it will also lead to the denaturation of proteins. |
|
|
Term
| Chemical that binds to DNA. Involved in preservation, toxic to tissues, viricidal and sporocidal. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most effective disinfectant used in lab? Also used in the sterilization of surgical supplies. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fatty acids with hydroxide-alkaline pH |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| To mechanically remove organisms from a surface |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of agent does soap work as?? |
|
Definition
| Degerming; it mechanically removes organisms from a surface |
|
|
Term
| A synthetic chemcial, such as detergent, that emulsifies and solublizes particles attached to surfaces by reducing the surface tension |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A positively charged detergent with 4 organic groups attached to a central nitrogen atom; used as a disinfectant. Cell membrane is disrupted - highly effective. |
|
Definition
| Quats - Quaternary ammonium compound |
|
|
Term
| What compound does antibacterial soap contain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A broad spectrum antimicrobial agent that destroys bacterial cells by disrupting cell membranes by blocking synthesis of lipids. There is a possibility of bacterial species developing resistance to this. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| There is at least one bacteria that has built resistance to triclosan. How does this bacteria protect itself agains triclosan? |
|
Definition
| It pumps it out of the cell. |
|
|
Term
| What do viruses need to carry out function?? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of microscope do we use to view viruses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of specificity do viruses display? 2 types |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who discovered penicillin? First to discover antibiotics? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do antibiotics come from? |
|
Definition
| Mostly natural sources or are based on natural compounds. Based on molds or other bacteria |
|
|
Term
| Referring to an antimicrobial drug useful for treating many groups of microorganisms, including gram + and gram - bacteria |
|
Definition
| Broad Spectrum Antibiotic |
|
|
Term
| Referring to an antimicrobial drug that is useful for a restricted group of microorganisms |
|
Definition
| Narrow Spectrum Antibiotic |
|
|
Term
| All drugs that are created in the laboratory are ______ drugs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The process of using chemical agents to treat diseases and infections, or other disorders |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Arsenic, phenol, sulfur are all associated with what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Streptomyces, penicillium, cephalosporium, etc. are all involved in the making of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A number that represents the highest level of an antimicrobial drug tolerated by the host divided by the lowest level of the drug that eliminates the infectious agent. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you calculate the chemotheraputic index? |
|
Definition
| Toxic dose/theraputic dose |
|
|
Term
| The amount of a drug that would be toxic to humans is known as the _____ dose |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The amount of a drug that is needed to treat one's infection is known as the _____ dose |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In cancer treatment: drugs that are chemically similar to antibiotics. They damage the genetic material of cancer cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In cancer treatment: drugs that interfere with the way that the cancer cells divide |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is tetracycline a broad or narrow spectrum antibiotic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is vancomycin a broad or narrow spectrum antibiotic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Is Polymyxin a broad or narrow spectrum antibiotic?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Identify the site of action for the following antibiotics:
Penicillins, cephalosporins, vancomycin, bacitracin, monobactams, fosfomycin, cycloserine |
|
Definition
| Cell wall; Block synthesis and repair |
|
|
Term
Identify the site of action for the following antibiotics:
Quinolones (ciprofloxacin), Rifampin |
|
Definition
| DNA & RNA; inhibit replication and transcription |
|
|
Term
Identify the site of action for the following antibiotics:
Sulfonamides (sulfa drugs), trimethoprim |
|
Definition
| Folic acid synthesis; inhibit folic acid metabolism |
|
|
Term
Identify the site of action for the following antibiotics:
Chloramphenicol, erythromycin, clindamycin, oxalolidinones |
|
Definition
| 50S subunit; inhibits protein synthesis |
|
|
Term
Identify the site of action for the following antibiotics:
Aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, streptomycin, amikacin |
|
Definition
| 30S subunit; inhibits protein synthesis |
|
|
Term
Identify the site of action for the following antibiotics:
Polymyxins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Very aggressive antibiotics have the following active site |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If an antibacterial is has a selective target, is it broad or narrow spectrum? |
|
Definition
| Narrow; the target is unique |
|
|
Term
| If an antibiotic is narrow spectrum, what bacteria will it not kill? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are characteristics of an ideal antibacterial drug? |
|
Definition
| Selective target, bactericidal, narrow spectrum, high therapeutic index, few adverse reactions, various routes of admin, good absporption, good distribution to site of infection, emergence of resistance is slow |
|
|
Term
| What are the routes that antibiotics can be delivered? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Added effect due to 2 kinds of drugs is known as what? |
|
Definition
| Synergism; Bactrim is syntergistic - it involves 2 antibiotics in 1 |
|
|
Term
| What is folic acid used in building? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When can you not be prescribed sulfa drugs? Why? |
|
Definition
| When pregnent because folic acid incorportation in new DNA of baby cannot be disrupted |
|
|
Term
Identify MOA and name an antibiotic that matches:
Prevents enzyme that makes folic acid for bacteria. |
|
Definition
| Folic Acid Inhibitor; sulfanamides. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
It is one of 3 important components that a bacterial enzyme must join to synthesize folic acid.
|
|
|
Term
| How does SMZ interfere with PABA? |
|
Definition
| SMZ competes with PABA for the active site on the bacterial enzyme. This competitive inhibition blocks folic acid synthesis and DNA replication. |
|
|
Term
| What kind of bacteria is affected by sulfonamides (sulfa drugs)? |
|
Definition
| Bacteriostatic: gram + and gram - |
|
|
Term
| How is beta-lactamase involved in bacterial resistance? |
|
Definition
| Many penicillin-resistant bacterial species produce beta-lactamase which inactivates beta-lactam antibiotics |
|
|
Term
Identify MOA and name an antibiotic that matches:
These block the synthesis of the bacterial cell wall. More common for killing gram + bacteria because it targets the cell's peptidoglycan. Interfere with NAG and NAM cross linking. |
|
Definition
| Beta Lactam drugs that target the cell wall; penicillin, amipicillin, amoxicillin, methicillin |
|
|
Term
| How does beta-lactamase work? What is penicillin's active site? |
|
Definition
| Sends enzyme to the cell wall which binds to pencillin's active site, which are the beta lactam rings. |
|
|
Term
Identify MOA and name an antibiotic that matches:
Recognizes and binds to the 2 D-ala residues on the end of the peptide chains.
|
|
Definition
| Attacks cell wall; Vancomycin |
|
|
Term
| How does resistance with Vancomycin work? |
|
Definition
| In resistant bacteria, the last D-ala residue has been replaced by D-lactate so vancomycin cannot bind |
|
|
Term
Identify MOA and name an antibiotic that matches:
Used externally only. Inhibits cell wall production by stopping mvmt of molecules through the cell membrane. Affects mainly Gram + bacteria |
|
Definition
| Cell Membrane MOA; Polymixin (Bacitracin) also neosporin |
|
|
Term
Identify MOA and name an antibiotic that matches:
Blocks the attachment of tRNA, broad spectrum. Causes "yellow teeth" in patients |
|
Definition
| Protein synthesis; tetracyclines |
|
|
Term
Identify MOA and name an antibiotic that matches:
Bind to the 30s ribsosome subunit and inhibits mRNA reading (gram -) |
|
Definition
| Protein synthesis; aminoglycosides |
|
|
Term
Identify MOA and name an antibiotic that matches:
Binds to the 50s subunit and misreads mRNA, broad spectrum. |
|
Definition
| Protein synthesis; Chloramphenicol |
|
|
Term
Identify MOA and name an antibiotic that matches:
Blocks tRNA |
|
Definition
| Protein synthesis; erythromycin |
|
|
Term
Identify MOA and name an antibiotic that matches:
Very heavy/effective drugs, transcription is the target, resistance is not readily found. |
|
Definition
| DNA/RNA targets; ciprofloxacin, nitrofurantoin |
|
|
Term
Identify type of drug and MOA:
Used to treat UTI's, pneumonias, ear infections, leprosy |
|
Definition
| Folic Acid Inhibitor; sulfonamides |
|
|
Term
Why do antibiotics that target ribosomes only affect bacterial ribosomes; and not ours?
|
|
Definition
| Because we have structurally different ribosomes from bacteria, thereby allowing the selectivity of this antibiotic for bacteria |
|
|
Term
| What factors contribute to resistant drugs? |
|
Definition
Selective pressure
Horizontal gene transfer: transformation, conjugation, transduction, transposons |
|
|
Term
| Antibiotic resistance often comes from bacterial cells picking up resistance genes from other bacterial cells. Aquire resistance genes from donor bacterial cells; what is this known as and how does it occur? |
|
Definition
| Horizontal gene transfer through transformation, conjugation, transduction, transposons |
|
|
Term
| Whatever individuals withstand pressure, will develop into the next generation. They will then pass resistance onto their offspring. What is this resistance mechanism known as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Identify the way that bacteria becomes resistant:
Proteins change on cell's surface, will not recognize the drug or let it in. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Identify the way that bacteria becomes resistant:
Pumps will pump antibiotic out of the cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Identify the way that bacteria becomes resistant:
Hydrolyzing the antibiotic. |
|
Definition
| Enzyme production to degrade the antibiotic |
|
|
Term
| When did we see resistance to antibiotics begin to develop? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How can we reduce the development of resistant strains of bacteria? |
|
Definition
High doses of 2 or more drugs
Limit use of broad spectrums
Use drugs properly
Give body time to eradicate infection
Educate others |
|
|
Term
| How long must antibiotics undergo clinical trials by the FDA before they are brought to the public? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Medication that blocks the release of the flu virus from the cell. Slows the course of the virus throughout the body and shortens flu by 2-3 days |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Have varying MOA's but they prevent viral uncoating, replication, or release. |
|
Definition
| Antivirals; available for herpes virus, hep B & C, HIV, flu |
|
|
Term
| Bind to sterols on the plasma membrane, cause leaky cell |
|
Definition
| Antifungals, plasma membrane inhibitors |
|
|
Term
| What is nystatin prescribed for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is metronidazole prescribed as? How many enzymes are affected by it? |
|
Definition
| 150 enzymes; antiparasitic |
|
|
Term
| The scientific study of the source, cause, and transmission of disease within a population |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The relationship between host and pathogen and the competition for supremacy that takes place between them |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Any change from the general state of good health. Any altered state beyond the norm of human health; Response of a host to an infection |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The population of microorganisms that colonize various parts of the human body and do not cause disease in a healthy individual. Compete with pathogens; especially found in our gut. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ability of a disease-causing agent to gain entry to a host and bring about a physiological or anatomical change interpreted as disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The degree to which a pathogen is capable of causing a disease. How viscious is it? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A microorganism that does not cause disease but that can become pathogenic or life-threatening if the host has a low level of immunity. Found naturally in our bodies but in the right "opportunity" or area will cause disease. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What microorganisms cause disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A disease whose causative agent is acquired from the environment and is not transmitted to another individual |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A disease that is readily transmissible between hosts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is it important to understand the host/pathogen relationship? |
|
Definition
| Important to understand so we know how to prevent the spread of disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When host defenses and barriers are overcome by a pathogen |
|
|
Term
| Widespread infection that affects the whole body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When bacteria affects blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When sepsis begins to produce toxins in human cells causing patient to become septic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Multiple organ failure, hypotension, death |
|
|
Term
| What are the two main portals of entry for pathogens? |
|
Definition
Fecal/oral
Inhalation
*Also, STD, parenteral |
|
|
Term
| What must pathogens be in order to cause disease in humans? |
|
Definition
| They must be human pathogens |
|
|
Term
| How do pathogens cause disease in humans? |
|
Definition
| Gain access, adhere and recognize to host cells |
|
|
Term
Identify the virulence enzyme:
Enzyme that uses material in the host to break down fibrin and then casues clotting that protects bacteria in small packets. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Identify the virulence enzyme:
Enzyme that is produced by bacteria that releases bacteria from packet so that the bacteria can go further to cause infection |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Identify the virulence enzyme:
Helps bacteria to break membranes to allow bacteria to spread deeper into tissues making infections harder to rid of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A bacterial metabolic poison composed of protein that is relased to the environment; in the body it can affect various organs and systems |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Exotoxins that causes food poisoning |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Exotoxin that causes patient's to get a huge swelling on face |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Exotoxin that attacks WBC's |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A metabolic poison, produced chiefly by gram - bacteria that are part of the bacterial cell wall and consequently are realsed on cell disintegration; composed of lipid-polysaccharide peptide complexes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| E.coli that produces a toxin (exotoxin) that is found in the gut of cattle. Does not harm cattle but when introduced in humans it affects the kidneys. |
|
|
Term
| Pathogens are specific to _____ and ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Person-to-person transmission is also known as what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The spread of disease from mother to fetus or newborn is known as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Handshaking, kissing, transmission of body fluids, sexual transmission, respiratory droplets are all known as what? |
|
Definition
| Direct contact transmission |
|
|
Term
| Contact with fomite objects, food, water, vectors are known as? |
|
Definition
| Indirect contact transmission |
|
|
Term
| Nonliving objects on which a pathogen can live for a few hours ex. pencil |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Something that carries a pathogen from one host to another ex. mosquito, tick |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How far can a sneeze travel? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| About how many hospital (nosocomial) infections are acquired each year? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The following individuals are what? Chemo patients, babies, those recovering from surgery |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two major divisions of the immune system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nonspecific, involves barriers, blood cells, organ systems. These are the defenses we are born with. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Adaptive, more specific to pathogens that have invaded you or your mother |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Skin, mucous membranes, microbiota/flora are all known as what? Which immune system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Identify infection route:
Passed through feces |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Identify infection route:
Through the air |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Identify infection route:
Through a cut, scratch, IV site, injection site |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chemical inhibitor found in human tears, mucus, and saliva. What kind of immunity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WBC's that fight pathogens (general) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Leukocytes are developed where? How about lymphocytes? |
|
Definition
| Bone marrow & lymphatic system glands |
|
|
Term
| 50-70% of WBC's are what type? |
|
Definition
| Neutrophils; these are phagocytizers |
|
|
Term
| Process by which foreign material or cells are taken into a WBC and destroyed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Invader molecules, compounds, carbohydrates are known as what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| B & T lymphocytes are part of what immunity? |
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Definition
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Term
| NK cells are part of what immunity? |
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Definition
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Term
| Macrophages are part of what immunity? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Gathers extra fluid in the body that is leaked and returns it back to circulation/the heart |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Eat disease/infection. Also release chemicals in blood that stimulate an immune response. |
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Definition
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Term
| Chemical signals that are released in the blood and stimulate an immune response |
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Definition
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Term
Can send message to hypothalamus to lower fever
Can send messages to T cells (acquired) "gatekeepers"
Can attract neutrophils or other immune cells |
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Definition
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Term
| Bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes are all important anatomical features of what system? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 3 main types of barriers involved in innate immunity? |
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Definition
| Physical, chemical, cellular |
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Term
Skin: sebum, dry surface
Mucous membranes: cilia, mucus
These are what type of barrier? |
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Definition
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Term
Bile, lysozyme, complement, interferon, defensins
These are what type of barrier? |
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Definition
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Term
Leukocytes, tissue microbiota
These are what type of barrier? |
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Definition
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Term
| These cells are known to lyse (kill) our own cells that have cancer or a viral infection |
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Definition
| NK (natural killer) cells |
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Term
| What is the receptor that all of our own cells have that tells our body that they belong to us? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| How do NK cells recognize viral/cancer cells? |
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Definition
| Viral cells will lose # of MHC1 receptors and NK cells will recognize this and kill them |
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Term
| What is the largest immune organ of the body? |
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Definition
MALT- mucosa associated lymphoid tissue
*Houses alomst 80% of all immune cells in a healthy human adult |
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Term
| Part of the innate immune system which involves the gut. Phagocytizes invaderse and saves part of these invaders so that the body can recognize them in the future. |
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Definition
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Term
| A type of WBC with granules that functions in allergic reactions |
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Definition
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Term
| Type of WBC with granules that stains with dye and plays a role in allergic reactions and the body's response to parasitic infections |
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Definition
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Term
| The most common type of WBC's. Functions chiefly to engulf and destroy foreign material, including bacterial cells and viruses that have entered the body |
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Definition
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Term
| A circulating WBC witha large bean shaped nucleus that is the precursor to a macrophage |
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Definition
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Term
| A large cell derived from monocytes that is found within various tissues and actively engulfs foreign material, including infecting bacterial cells and viruses |
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Definition
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Term
| A WBC that matrures into memory cells and plasma cells that secrete antibody |
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Definition
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Term
| A type of WBC that matures in the thymus gland and is associated with cell-mediated immunity |
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Definition
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Term
| A type of defensive body cell that attacks and destroys cancer cells and infected cells without the involvement of the immune system |
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Definition
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Term
| A WBC having long finger-like extensions and found within all tissues; it engulfs and digests foreign material, such as bacterial cells and viruses, and presents antigen peptides on its surface |
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Definition
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Term
| What does innate immunity depend on? |
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Definition
| Receptor recognition of common pathogen-associated molecules |
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Term
| What helps the innate immune system recognize pathogens? |
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Definition
| PAMPS - Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns |
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Term
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Definition
| These are found on the invading pathogen |
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Term
| What do all invaders have? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Where are the toll-like receptors found?? |
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Definition
| These are found on our cells |
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Term
| Cellular sensors found on macrophages, dendritic cells, endothelial cells, and neutrophils. These recognize PAMPS. |
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Definition
| Toll-like receptors (TLRs) |
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Term
| What is the healthy self receptor? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Do human cells have PAMPS? |
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Definition
| No. These are on invading cells |
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Term
| What is the main purpose of anitbodies? |
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Definition
| To block the antigens from spreading |
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Term
| What happens when a phagocyte "eats" a bacteria? |
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Definition
| Parts of the bacteria (antigen) go to the surface of the phagocyte. The phagocyte presents the antigen to a helper T cell. The helper T cell is then activated. |
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Term
| When an allergic reaction occurs, what is there an overproduction of? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where do B cells arise from? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do T cells arise from? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Adaptive immunity generates how many complementary responses to most pathogens? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Involved in producing antibodies against epitopes? Acquired. |
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Definition
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Term
| Provide resistance through lysis of infected or abnormal cells. Acquired |
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Definition
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Term
| Antibodies/proteins are also known as what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Antibodies flag and block. Explain how. |
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Definition
Flag: so that phagocytosis (cell eating) can occur.
Block: block antigen from spreading and causing futher infection |
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Term
| Discuss the structure of an immunoglobulin |
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Definition
4 chains: 2 heavy chains, and 2 light chains
Chains are joined by disulfide bond to form a Y structure.
At each end of the Y, one heavy and one light's variable domain forms an antigen binding site.
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Term
| The chemical part of antigen that the antibody recognizes |
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Definition
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Term
Identify the Immunoglobulin (Ig) class:
The major circulating antibody. It provides immunity to the fetus and newborn |
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Definition
|
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Term
Identify the Immunoglobulin (Ig) class:
The first (but short-lived) Ig to appear in circulation after B cell stimulation. |
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Definition
|
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Term
Identify the Immunoglobulin (Ig) class:
Provides resistance in the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts (mucosal immunity). Found in clostrum |
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Definition
|
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Term
Identify the Immunoglobulin (Ig) class:
Plays a role in allergic reactions |
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Definition
|
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Term
Identify the Immunoglobulin (Ig) class:
Is a cell surface receptor on B cells and activates them |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Helper T cells bind to MHC-2 receptor with the help of what? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the MHC-2 receptor instrumental in doing? |
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Definition
| Sending out cytokines. T cells become cytotoxic T cells, B cells sent out |
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Term
| How do immunoglonins act as flags? |
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Definition
| They cover antigens and act as flags to tell other cells to eat them. |
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Term
| A type of antigen antibody reaction that results in visible clumps of organisms or other material |
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Definition
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Term
| A type of antigen antibody reaction in which thousands of molecules of antigen and antibody cross-link to form visible aggregates |
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Definition
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Term
| A type of antigen antibody reaction in which the activity of a toxin is inactivated |
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Definition
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Term
| Enhanced phagocytosis due to the activity of antibodies or complement |
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Definition
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Term
| The process of making an individual resistant to a particular disease by administering a vaccine |
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Definition
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Term
| A preparation containing weakened or dead microorganisms or viruses, treated toxins, or parts of microorganisms or viruses to stimulate immune resistance |
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Definition
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Term
| What vaccines should immunocompromised individuals not recieve? |
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Definition
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Term
| Pathogens that have been weakened in the lab (reduced virulence) Inject patients with mild strain. Pathogens only multiply at low rates which increases the dose of antigent that the immune system recieves. |
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Definition
| Live, attenuated vaccines |
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Term
| In these vaccines, pathogens are kiled completely. Exposes pt. to the coating/antigen on coating. Produces a weaker immune response. Very safe. |
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Definition
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Term
| These vaccines cannot make you sick. Contains only parts of the antigen that stimulate a strong immune response. Give the body what is necessary to create a flag. |
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Definition
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Term
| Inactivated toxins. Allows body to generate antibodies and memory cells to recognize the natural toxin. |
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Definition
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Term
| These vaccines contain the antigen and a carrier protein |
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Definition
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Term
| These are vaccines that are genetically engineered and consist of plasmids that contain protein encoding genes from a viral or bacterial pathogen. |
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Definition
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Term
| Vaccines in which harmless bacterium mimics a harmful microbe |
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Definition
| Recombinant vector vaccines |
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Term
| Indirect protection that implies that if enough people in a population are immunized against certain diseases, then it is very difficult for those disease to spread |
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Definition
| Herd (community) immunity |
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Term
Disease passed through blood and body fluids. Liver disease is caused by this. The vaccine contains one of the viral envelope proteins. It is produced by yeast cells into which the genetic code for HBsAg has been inserted.
What disease? What kind of vaccine? |
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Definition
| Hepititis B; recombinant subunit vaccine |
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Term
| What vaccine is good to recieve right after birth? |
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Definition
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Term
Disease that presents with diarrhea, high risk of dehyration in young children especially. Oral vaccine. Has helped to prevent more than 65,000 hospitalizations.
What disease? What kind of vaccine?
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|
Definition
| RV - Rotavirus, live attenuated |
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Term
Causes whooping cough. Also includes protection against 2 other diseases.
What disease? What kind of vaccine? |
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Definition
| DTap; Pertusiss (acellular subunit vaccine)/ diphtheria & tetnus (toxoid) |
|
|
Term
| What is the vaccine that combines Dtap and Hep B? |
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Definition
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|
Term
Causes bacteremia, pneumonia, epiglottitis, bacterial meningitis. Especially dangerous in children because this disease can affect many areas at once and can cause an immune system overload.
What disease? What kind of vaccine? |
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Definition
| Hib; subunit conjugate vaccine |
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Term
Used to protect young children against disease caused by streptococcus pneumoniae. Has a huge variation of antigens and gives great protection. Contains approx. 16-25 strains.
What disease? What kind of vaccine? |
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Definition
| PCV (pneumococcal conjugate vaccine); conjugate vaccine |
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Term
Disease is no longer present in the US. If found it is typically a traveler. Based on 3 wild, virulent reference strains, grown in a type of monkey kidney tissue culture, and then inactivated with formalin.
What disease? What kind of vaccine? |
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Definition
| IPV, for polio; inactivated |
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Term
| Why is the flu shot recommended each year? |
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Definition
| The strains change so often and the virulence changes so you must get one each year; recommended for everyone. Lots of DNA exchange occurs when viruses replicate and mutations are created very quickly. |
|
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Term
| What kind of vaccine is the flu nasal spray? |
|
Definition
| Live, attenuated. Fights A1, A2, B1, B2 |
|
|
Term
| What form is the flu IM injection? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
Highly contagious diseases (3) Merck is the big pharmaceutical company that develops this vaccine.
What disease? What kind of vaccine? |
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Definition
| MMR; live attenuated viruses. |
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Term
Virus as a child; lays dormant. Must get a booster as an adult if you have been exposed to the disease.
What disease? What kind of vaccine? |
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Definition
| Varicella (chicken pox); live attenuated; zoster is the adult booster to prevent shingles |
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Term
Affects liver, easily spread through ingestion of contaminated food or water or through direct contact with infectious person. Recommended for travelers.
What disease? What kind of vaccine? |
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Definition
| Hepititis A; one is the inactivated but the other contains live attenuated virus. |
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Term
Protects agains cervical cancer in women; also agains genital warts and cancers of the anus, vagina, and vulva. Disease is transmitted sexually.
What disease? What kind of vaccine? |
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Definition
| HPV; recombinant VLP (gardasil cervarix) |
|
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Term
| How does HPV cause cancer? |
|
Definition
| The virus will change the DNA of the cells it infects (genitals, cervix, epithelial tissue). As it affects these cells, it will make proteins that cause these cells to divide uncontrollably |
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Term
|
Definition
| Skin to skin, sexual contact. It can go undetected until the individual has a pap smear. |
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Term
| Why are gardasil and cervarix recommended to be given at a young age?? |
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Definition
| Want to be given before any sexual contact occurs. |
|
|
Term
| How are viruses named and categorized? |
|
Definition
| According to their structures and their genetic information (what it is and how it is stored) |
|
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Term
| Do viruses have DNA, RNA, or both? |
|
Definition
| They can have either or, not both |
|
|
Term
| Where do viruses obtain their envelope from if they have one? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Why are gram - bacteria more resistant to antibiotics in general? |
|
Definition
| They have 3 layers of protection with their extra outer membrane |
|
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Term
| Explain the pneumonia case from the video. |
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Definition
| She developed pneumonia secondary to a MRSA infection. She became pan resistant to antibiotics: resistant to everything. Went into septic shock and had to be placed on echmo. |
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Term
| What is a complication of rotavirus in children?? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What was the bacteria that was brought into the US by the individual who was injured in india? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What bacteria was passed around the ICU and hosptial at NIH? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an infection of a human by an animal virus known as? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Are antibiotics being highly developed right now? Why or why not? |
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Definition
| No. Antibiotics cannot make a lot of money because they are only used for a short amount of time and they do not provide a good return on the money and time that goes into making them. Not a lot of development in these areas; companies have pulled out of development of antibiotics. |
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