Term
| One of the effects of the hormone secretin is to stimulate the release of bicarbonate ions into the duodenum, which neutralizes the acid that enters the duodenum with the chyme from the stomach. One consequence of neutralizing the pH in the intestine is that: |
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Definition
| enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of carbohydrates are active. |
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Term
| Eating a small serving of a food that is very acidic might present something of a paradox to your stomach because |
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Definition
| b. the presence of food in the stomach typically causes release of gastrin, but low pH inhibits release of gastrin. |
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Term
| Because fat is lower in density than protein, _______ have more protein in them than fats. |
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Definition
| high-density lipoproteins. |
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Term
| Imagine you are working as a consultant for a pharmaceutical company with the goal of developing a new weight loss drug. Your goal is to trigger a sense of fullness or satiety. To do this you could mimic the activity of _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| 1. Which arrows represent an example of negative feedback control? (refer to image on pdf doc) |
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Definition
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Term
| If the acidity of the stomach is neutralized by antacids and acid-blockers, _______. |
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Definition
| pepsinogen will not be converted to pepsin. |
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Term
| If a person does not produce adequate bile salts, they will likely _______. |
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Definition
| not break large lipid droplets into micelles |
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Term
| Aldosterone is a hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex, and insulin is a peptide secreted by the pancreas. When aldosterone contacts a target cell, it binds to an intracellular receptor and migrates to the nucleus; insulin binds to extracellular receptors on the plasma membrane. What is the most likely reason for this difference? |
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Definition
| Aldosterone is lipid-soluble and therefore easily crosses the phospholipid bilayer of the plasma membrane. |
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Term
A woman’s husband is a Type I diabetic. He gives her a pen and tells her to inject him with its
contents if he ever passes out due to low blood sugar. What hormone does this pen likely contain? |
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Definition
| Either b or c (glucose and glucagon) |
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Term
| The retrovirus HIV specifically destroys helper T cells and thus disrupts the _______ response. |
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Definition
| d. Both a and b (hummoral and cellular immune) |
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Term
| Immunologists can breed mice that lack _______ in order to compare the immune response of normal mice to those that have B cells but no T cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| You work in an immunology lab that is trying to develop new vaccines against influenza virus proteins. You’ve been assigned the task of making immunoglobulins that bind the antigenic determinants found on the surface of influenza viral particles. Which of the following parts of the immunoglobulin would you alter to increase the strength of its binding to a specific antigenic determinant? |
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Definition
| The variable regions of both the heavy and light chains |
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Term
| At the end of the rising phase of an action potential |
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Definition
a, b, and c(a. a vast majority of the voltage-gated sodium channels begin to close.
b. the membrane potential shifts back toward the resting membrane potential.
c. the voltage-gated sodium channels enter a refractory period.) |
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Term
| If you created a neuron that had a defective gene for the sodium potassium pump, what process(es) would be affected? |
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Definition
| maintaining resting potential and returning to resting potential after the hyperpolarization phase of an action potential |
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Term
| In a graph of an action potential, the x-axis should be labeled _______, and the y-axis should be labeled _______. |
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Definition
| time (msec); voltage (mV) |
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Term
| The most common dental anaesthetic used is lidocaine. Lidocaine blocks voltage-gated Na+ channels. How would exposure to lidocaine affect function of the cranial nerve? |
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Definition
| It would take longer to reach threshold depolarization. |
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Term
| Which of the following occurs when a stimulus depolarizes a neuron’s membrane? |
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Definition
| The membrane potential changes from the resting potential to a voltage closer to the threshold potential. |
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Term
| Imagine you genetically engineered a neuron to produce voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels that open simultaneously in response to a change in voltage. How would that change the action potential in the neuron? |
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Definition
| No action potential would be generated. |
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Term
| A person born with a(n) _______ is unlikely to become a champion marathon runner. |
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Definition
| high proportion of fast-twitch fibers |
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Term
| Which of the following statements would not be one of the reasons that diffusion of O2 into an animal is more problematic than diffusion of CO2 from an animal? |
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Definition
| Cellular respiration produces less CO2 than the O2 that is consumed. |
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Term
| The ability of hemoglobin to pick up or release O2 depends on. |
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Definition
| the PO2 of its environment. |
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Term
| The level of _______in the blood is the primary chemical stimulus that controls the respiratory rate. |
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Definition
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Term
A mammalian fetus possesses a mutation that causes it to only synthesize
adult hemoglobin. How will this mutation affect the fetus? Select all correct choices. |
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Definition
| The fetus will derive less oxygen from its mother’s bloodstream. |
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Term
| The red curve to the right shows O2 saturation in normal conditions and the blue curve to the right shows O2 saturation in someone with carbon monoxide poisoning. You can determine from this curve that carbon monoxide: |
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Definition
| decreases the binding of O2 to hemoglobin |
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Term
| If the O2-binding curves were plotted for the following types of hemoglobin at the pH levels indicated, which curve would be to the right of all the others? |
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Definition
| Adult human hemoglobin at pH 7.2 |
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Term
| When submerged, frogs receive most of their O2 from capillaries within the skin. Which of the following structures would contain blood with the highest O2 concentration in a submerged frog that is not able to breathe using its lungs? |
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Definition
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Term
| Refer to the diagram below. Which of the following represents the stages of muscle contraction in the correct order |
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Definition
| A, C, B, F, E, D (look at image to compare and recognized.) |
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Term
| Which of the following mechanisms is used to regulate blood pressure in the closed circulatory system of vertebrates? |
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Definition
a.Changing the force of heart contraction
b. Constricting and relaxing muscles in the walls of arterioles
c. Adjusting the volume of blood contained in the veins
d. All of the above |
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Term
| If the loop of Henle is functioning properly, it will perform all of the following functions except |
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Definition
| carry conserved fluid away from the nephron |
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Term
Which of the following responses would not correct for a drop in glomerular blood pressure?
a. Elevation of the body’s blood pressure |
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Definition
| Constriction of the renal arterioles |
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Term
The pit viper Bothrops jararaca makes a venom that was used as an
arrowhead poison by indigenous tribes of Brazil. This venom inhibits the enzyme
necessary to activate angiotensin. Angiotensin is a naturally-occurring peptide hormone
that causes vasoconstriction and thirst. Why would a molecule that inhibits the activation
of a natural vasoconstrictor be poisonous? |
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Definition
| An inhibitor of angiotensin may cause a fatal drop in blood pressure. |
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Term
| The eyes of nocturnal predators are likely to have: |
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Definition
| a. a higher concentration of rods than cones |
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Term
| A transduced visual signal is transmitted from the photoreceptor cells to the bipolar cells to the ganglion cells in the retina. However, there are two additional layers of cells that make up the retina composed of interneurons. What is their function? |
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Definition
| to process information across the retina, enhancing contrast and motion |
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Term
| What is the physiological basis for the auditory system’s ability to distinguish different sound frequencies? |
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Definition
| Different sections of the basilar membrane respond differentially |
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Term
| When an individual rod cell is stimulated with light, its membrane potential |
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Definition
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