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Exam 3
Learning and Condiitoning, Thinking and Intelligence, and Memory
73
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
11/29/2013

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Cards

Term
Memory
Definition
The capacity to retain and retrieve information
Term

Atkinson-Shiffrin Model

Definition
Memory is a multistage process. Sensory memory -> short term memory -> long term memory
Term

Encoding

Definition
Taking in information
Term
Storage
Definition
Processing the information
Term

Retrieval

Definition
Accessing the information at a later time (LTM into STM)
Term
Explicit Memory
Definition

Conscious, intentional recollection of an event or piece of information

Term
Recognition Memory
Definition

The ability to identify information you have previously observed (easier to recall)

Term

Recall Memory

Definition

The ability to retrieve and reproduce information encountered earlier (more difficult to recall)

Term
Implicit Memory
Definition

Non-conscious retention in memory... That which can influence your thoughts or behaviour, but does not enter consciousness. 

Term
Stores
Definition

Retain information in memory without using it for any specific purpose

Term
Control Processes
Definition

Shift information from one memory store to another

 

 

Term
Sensory Memory
Definition

a memory store that accurately holds perceptual information for a very brief amount of time 

Term
Iconic Memory
Definition

The visual for of sensory memory, held for about one-half to one second

Term
Echoic Memory
Definition

The auditory form of sensory memory, held for 5-10 seconds

Term
Pattern Recognition
Definition

·      the identification of a stimulus on the basis of information already contained in long-term memory

Term
Attention
Definition

the process that moves information from the sensory store to short-term memory

Term
Change Blindness
Definition

demonstrates the rapid decay of sensory memory

Term
Short Term Memory (STM)
Definition

a memory store with limited capacity and duration (less than a minute). Can hold about 7 items in memory

Term
Chunking
Definition

·      meaningful unit of information which may be composed of smaller units

Term
Serial Position Effect
Definition

most people will recall the first few items from a list and the last few items, but only an item or two from the middle

Term
Primacy Effect
Definition

·      first few items were encoded when STM was empty… they were rapidly transferred to LTM

Term
Proactive Interference
Definition

 the first information learned occupies memory, leaving fewer resources left to remember the newer information

Term
Recency Effect
Definition

·      last few item are still sitting in STM during recall, and are thus easily available

Term
Retroactive Interference
Definition

the most recently learned information over-shadows some older memories that have not yet made it into the long-term 

Term
Long Term Memory (LTM)
Definition
a memory store that holds information for extended periods of time, if not permanently.
Term
Procedural Memories
Definition
Memories that enable you to perform specific learned skills of habitual responses. Ex. riding a bike
Term
Parallel Bistributed Processing (PDP)
Definition
Model of Memor in which knowledge is represented as connections among thousands of interacting processing units, distributed in a vast network, and all operating in parallel
Term
Working Memory
Definition
a model of short-term remembering that includes a combination of memory compenents that can temporarily store small amounts of information for a short period of time
Term
Phonological Loop
Definition
A storage component of working memory that relies on rehearsal and stores information as sounds, or an auditory code
Term
Visuospatial Sketchpad
Definition
a storage component of working memory that maintains visual images and spatial layouts in a visuospatial code
Term
Episodic Buffer
Definition
a storage component of working memory that combines the images and sounds from the other two components into coherent, story-like episodes
Term
Semantic Categories
Definition
words are organized in the semantic categories to which they belong
Term
Levels-of-Processing Principle
Definition
states that the ease with which we can retrieve a memory depends on the number and types of associations that we form with that memory
Term
Superficial Processing
Definition
simply repeating the material that you are trying to memorize
Term
Deeper Processing
Definition
the processing of meaning rather than simply the physical or sensory features of a stimulus. Also notes the associations between the items or parts of material
Term
Elaborative Rehearsal
Definition
association of new information with already stored knowledge and analysis of the new information to make it memorable
Term
SPAR Method
Definition
Survey, Process meaningfully, Ask questions, Review
Term
Mnemonic Device
Definition
any memory aid that is based on encoding each item in a special way
Term
Context Dependent Memory
Definition
external cue associations formed at time of learning
Term
State Dependent Memory
Definition
internal states associated with recalling information. ex. emotion, intoxication
Term
Central Executive
Definition
the control centre of working memory; it coordinates attention and the exchange of information among the three storage components
Term
Declarative memory
Definition
memories that we are consciously aware of and can be verbalized, including facts about the world and one's own personal experience.
Term
Nondeclarative memories
Definition
include actions or behaviours that you can remember and perform without awareness
Term
Episodic Memories
Definition
declarative memories for personal experiences that seem to be organized around "episodes" and are recalled from a first-person ("I" or "my") perspective.
Term
Semantic Memories
Definition
declarative memories that include facts about the world
Term
Consolidation
Definition
the process by which long-term memory becomes durable and stable... converting STM into LTM in the brain
Term
Long-term Potentiation (LTP)
Definition
there is an enduring increase in connectivity and transmission of neural signals between nerve cells that fire together
Term
Reconsolidation
Definition
the hippocampus functions to update, strengthen, or modify existing long-term memories
Term
Cross-cortical Storage
Definition
long term declarative memories are distributed throughout the cortex... not localized
Term
memory and the Frontal Lobes
Definition
the frontal lobes are involved with short-term memory tasks
Term
memory and the Prefrontal Cortex
Definition
the anterior-most part of the frontal lobes works with the temporal lobe to encode words and pictures
Term
memory and the Amygdala
Definition
involved in the formation of emotional memories
Term
Retrograde Amnesia
Definition
difficulty retrieving old memories
Term
Anterograde Amnesia
Definition
difficulty learning new information
Term
Amnesia
Definition
a profound loss of at least one form of memory
Term
Psychogenic Amnesia
Definition
the causes of forgetting are psychological such as the need to escape feelings of embarrassment, guilt, shame, disappointment,and emotional shock
Term
Traumatic Amnesia
Definition
the forgetting of specific events, sometimes for many years because they were traumatic
Term
Alzheimer's Disease
Definition
affects orientation to place and time, memory, language, movement, attention, visual perception, problem-solving and social functioning. Symptoms cause by the formation of neurofibrils (tangles) and amyloid plaques in the brain.
Term
Korsakoff's Syndrome
Definition
both anterograde and retrograde amnesia due to alcoholism and thiamin (vitamin B1) deficiency
Term
Encoding Specificity Principle
Definition
predicts that retrieval is most effective when it occurs in the same context as encoding
Term
Flashbulb Memory
Definition
an extremely vivid and detailed memory about an event and the conditions surrounding how one learned about the event
Term
Dual Coding
Definition
occurs when information is stored in more than one form
Term
Method of Loci
Definition
a mnemonic that connects words to be remembered to locations along a familiar path
Term
Testing Effect
Definition
the finding that taking practice tests can improve exam performance, even without additional studying
Term
Confabulation
Definition
memory suffers from biases. Confusing an event that happened to someone else with one that happened to you. Coming to believe that you remember something that never happened
Term
Yerkes-Dodson Law
Definition
a moderate amount of stress or emotion helps memory. Too much or too little emotion impairs memory
Term
Schema
Definition
an organized cluster of memories that constitutes one's knowledge about events, objects, and ideas
Term
Constructive Memory
Definition
a process by which we first recall a generalized schema and then add in specific details
Term
False Memory
Definition
remembering events that did not occur, or incorrectly recalling details of an event
Term
Misinformation Effect
Definition
happens when information occurring after an event becomes part of the memory for that event
Term
DRM Procedure
Definition
participants study a list of highly related words called semantic associates (which means they are associated by meaning)
Term
Imagination Inflation
Definition
refers to the increased confidence in a false memory of an event following repeated imagination of the event
Term
Recovered Memories
Definition
memories of a traumatic event that are suddenly recovered after blocking the memory of that event for a long period of time
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