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Details

Exam 3
covers material tested on the 3rd progress exam of Introduction to Psychology (PSY 100) at the University of Kentucky
19
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
11/11/2013

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

Development:

 

3 Methods of Developmental Psychology

Definition

1) Cross section: studies different ages (groups)

2) Longitudinal: studies same person/group throughout time

3) Biographical: reconstruct past through interviews and investigate effect of past events on current behavior

Term

Development

 

Pre-Natal Development

Definition

Conception

-fertilized egg to embryo (first 8 weeks) to fetus (9 weeks – birth)

-growth of neural connections very important

-concern of teratogens (toxic substances from environment; alcohol, drugs, etc.) that could impact developing baby 

Term

Development

 

Development result of genetics or experience?

(Nature vs. Nurture debate)

 

GENETICS Influence on Behavior -->

Definition

Chromosomes: double strands of DNA contained in nucleus of cells that contain genes

Genes: segments along chromosomes that contain blueprint and timetables for our development

-genes affect physical and psychiological characteristics

Term

Development

 

Nature vs. Nurture Debate

 

We are born with several useful reflexes..

Definition

-rooting reflex for finger that touches cheek

-grasping reflex

-stepping reflex

-sucking reflex

Term

Development

 

Infant Sensation and Perceptual Development

Definition

EX: Vision = at first, things look fuzzy to an infant

-Visual acuity develops rapidly, so that by 6-8 months they can see as well as the average college student

--Infants can see some color even in the first week of life, but they are more interested in contrasts initially (black and white contrasts)

 

EX: Pictures of vision.. 2-month vision: fuzzy, reddish tint

Term

Development

 

Physical Development

Definition

-In the first year of life a child will grow 10 inches in height and gain 15 pounds

-development will slow down until adolescence

-Body grows differentially 

    -head grows most rapidly at first (nervous system              developing)

Term

Development

 

Physical Development

 

Maturation:

Definition

:Physical Development of a child follows a regular course

-an orderly progression with some events occurring before others (e.g. locomotion) = very orderly

Term

Development

 

Cognitive Development

Definition

-Intellectual growth

-perceiving, reasoning, imagining, problem solving use of memory     --> novice to expert

-maturing brain builds schemas: concepts (e.g. cats, dogs, love) into which we pour our experiences and which allow us to understand the world

Term

Development

 

Cognitive Development

 

We use and adapt our schemas based on...

Definition

-Assimilationinterpret new experiences in terms of old schemas    EX:: child has a schema for a “cow” and then calls all 4-legged animals “cows”


-Accommodation – adjust schema to deal with new experience   EX:: come up with new schema for “horse”

 

 

Term

Development

 

Cognitive Development

 

Jean Piaget:

Stage Appraoch

Definition

Qualitative differences at different stages; not just different amounts of intellect

-Interchange between organism and environment   

 

-child understands the world while interacting with it

Term

Development

 

Cognitive Development

 

Jean Piaget:

Stages in Cognitive Development

Definition

Stage: consistent and discrete

-each new stage involves new schemas (basic units of knowledge) that allows a child to interpret concepts and events


Mental Growth: reliance to appearance on reliance on rules

 

 

 

Term

Development

 

Cognitive Development

 

Jean Piaget:

4 Stages in Cognitive Development

(1)

Definition

1) Sensorimotor (birth to 2 yrs old): at birth, sensory impressions and motor reactions; no past nor future; no distinction between stable objects and fleeting events,only starting to develop object permanence (image in head—representation)

 

EX: kid playing with stuffed animal, then covers it up = has no idea the toy is still there, just covered up = not in view

 

 

 

 

Term

Development

 

Cognitive Development

 

Jean Piaget:

4 Stages in Cognitive Development

(2)

Definition

2) Preoperational (2 to 7 yrs old): child learns to use language; centrism—cannot take viewpoint of others (e.g. what is someone else seeing); not yet developed conservation -- cannot take into account more than one perceptual factor at a time


EX: video:  water containers   -height and volume: 5 year old child thinks two glasses have same amount (they do) until pour one glass into a taller, skinnier glass: says that glass has more water because it’s “taller”; 7 year old understands that it’s the same:: she is in the Concrete Operations stage

 

 

Term

Development

 

Cognitive Development

 

Jean Piaget:

4 Stages in Cognitive Development

(3)

Definition

3) Concrete operations (7 to 11 years old): achieve conservation—mentally transform and mentally reverse sequence; EX:: ball of clay –can take into account 2 perceptual factors  

-Coins: 5 year old thinks there are more coins in a row that is wider

-knows that same amount of water in skinny and fat glass

 

Term

Development

 

Cognitive Development

 

Jean Piaget:

4 Stages in Cognitive Development

(4)

Definition

4) Formal Operations (11 yrs old and up): reasoning apart from concrete situations; reality seen as one aspect of what might be (hypotheses formulated)


-EX:: thumbs= older kids think deeper into it, younger kids are very concrete: older kid thinks more abstract; how would world change

 

Term

Development

 

Social Development

begins with..

Definition

-with the first human bond; that of the infant’s attachment to the person who takes care of him/her

-it is sometimes said that attachment lays the foundation for all later relationships with others

-If there is no attachment (due to separation) distress may result

 

 

Term

Development

 

Social Development

 

Research by Harry Harlow IV=raised by mother or not (monkeys)

Definition

-he found that monkeys separated from their mothers:

-huddled in corner

-rocked back and forth

-bit themselves

-would not interact with others

-incompetent in sexual and parental matters

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