Term
hemodynamic stress can cause what type of heart failure?
-what specific things can cause this stress? |
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Definition
acute;
fluid overload, large MI, valve dysfunction |
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Term
| what can cause chronic heart failure (general things)-4 |
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Definition
ischemia
idopathic
HTN
diabetes |
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Term
intrinsic cardiac regulation is done by what?
-what are the 2 mechansims for this |
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Definition
changes in blood flow into heart
frank starling & right atria stretch |
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Term
| Regulation of heart rate and contraction strength is done by |
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Definition
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Term
| the pathophys of HF involves cardiac impairment that activates what- |
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Definition
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Term
| this mechanism acts by volume dilating the heart and increases bridging of sarcomeres to increase contraction |
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Definition
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Term
ts mechanism is the collective changes that occur due to injury of the heart/work load?
what are 2 specific changes- |
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Definition
myocardium adaptions
hypertrophy & ventricluar remodeling |
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Term
| what are the mechanisms involved in the pathophys of HF- 3 |
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Definition
frank starling
myocardium adaptations
neurohormonal system activation |
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Term
| activation of the nuero system includes:5 |
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Definition
NE release
RAS
atrial/brain naturietic pepetides
prostoglandin
NO |
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Term
| compensatory mechanisms start damaging the body: what are 3 things that cause damage |
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Definition
myocyte apoptosis
cytoskeleton alteration
ECM deposit/fibrosis |
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Term
what increases in size in myocardium hypertrophy?
what is this dependent on?
so what does this cause an increase of? |
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Definition
myocyte
protein synthesis
nuclei |
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Term
| if on autopsy the person has an enlarged heart and its walls are thick- what type of hypertrophy is it? |
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Definition
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Term
| in which type of hypertrophy are the new sarcomeres parallel to the old |
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Definition
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Term
| if a person has myocardium hypertrophy and the ventricles are dilated- what type is it? |
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Definition
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Term
| myocardial infarction causes what type of overload on the heart |
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Definition
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Term
| valve disease can cause what type of overload on the heart |
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Definition
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Term
| HTN can cause what type of overload on the heart |
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Definition
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Term
what a physiologic hypertrohpy of the heart?
how is this increase in size different? |
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Definition
aerobic exercise (volume-load)
causes the capillary density |
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Term
baroreceptor dysfunction goes and activates what neurohormone systems?
which of these activates the RAS? |
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Definition
sympathetic
vasopressin
sympathetic system |
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Term
| whcih compensatory mechanism causes decreased limb blood flow and increases renal blood flow? |
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Definition
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Term
| if the patient has HF with an EF that is below 40, what type is it? |
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Definition
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Term
| if the patient has HF and the EF is sustained what type is it? |
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Definition
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Term
which type of heart failure is more common in:
women
>65 yo |
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Definition
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Term
| backward failure is defined as |
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Definition
| congestion in venous system |
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Term
| forward failure is defined as |
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Definition
| decreased Cardiac output/ perfusion |
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Term
| causes of chronic left side heart failure-4 |
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Definition
ischemia
HTN
myocardial disease
valve disease |
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Term
| HF with left ventricular hypertrophy is what side? |
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Definition
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Term
| when the left ATRIUM is dilated from left sided HF what are the risks-2 |
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Definition
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Term
| heavy, wet lungs is a sign of what type of heart failure |
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Definition
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Term
| HF with pulmonary edema is what side? |
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Definition
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Term
which type of heart failure has the heart failure cells?
what are these cells?
what are they a telltale sign of? |
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Definition
left sided
hemosiderin macrophages
pulmonary edema |
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Term
| What are causes of right sided heart failure?-3 |
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Definition
left sided
cor pulmonale
pulmonary HTN/edema |
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Term
| one of the most common signs of right sided heart failure is- |
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Definition
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Term
| ednocardium fibrosis/carcinoid heart disease is a sign of what sided heart failure |
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Definition
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Term
what side HF affects the portal/hepatic systems?
what are signs?-3 |
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Definition
right sided
hepatomegaly
spenomegaly
ascites |
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Term
| perripheral edema is a sign of what sided HF |
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Definition
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Term
these are symptoms of what side HF:
dyspnea
fatigue |
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Definition
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Term
dyspnea in the recumbent position is known as-
it is a sign of what heart failure |
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Definition
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Term
nocturnal dyspnea is most common in what heart condiiton
what does it increase risk for? |
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Definition
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Term
| jugular venous distension is a sign for what sided heart failure |
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Definition
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Term
| this condition is caused by decreased sensistivity to PCO2 |
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Definition
| cheyne-stokes respiration |
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Term
| cardiogenic shock or cardiogenic pulmonary edema are caused by what-2 |
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Definition
severe left ventricular dysfunction-> pulmonary congestion
or
systemic hypoperfusion |
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Term
hypopoerfusion from shock.cardiac edema is when Cardiac index is below
and ssytolic BP is below _ despite pulmonary pressure above_? |
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Definition
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