Term
| Can oxidation and reduction reactions occur independently of eachother? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| An electron loss. Addition of oxygen; loss of hydrogen. |
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Term
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Definition
| An electron gain. Loss of oxygen; gain of hydrogen. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| What carbon is the anomeric carbon? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Where is the reacting oxygen for an anomeric carbon? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| What functional group is associated with a glysosidic bond? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Where does the glycosidic bond occur? |
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Definition
| Between the reacting oxygens of each cyclic hemiacetals. |
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Term
| What is the reducing end? |
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Definition
| The free anomeric carbon. |
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Term
| What is the non-reducing end? |
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Definition
| The occupied anomeric carbons. |
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Term
| What is a storage polysaccharide? |
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Definition
| Only alpha-glucose units; ex: starch and glycogen. |
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Term
| What is a structural polysaccharide? |
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Definition
| Only beta-glucose units; ex: cellulose |
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Term
| What are characteristics of glycogen? |
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Definition
| Branched polymer of glucos units. Storage polysaccharide found in animals; stored in liver in muscles. When glucose is needed, glycogen is hydrolyzed in liver to glucose. |
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Term
| Where are oligosaccharides found? |
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Definition
| On the surface of red blood cells. |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What is a oligosaccharide? |
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Definition
| Group of carbohydrates up to 9. |
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Term
| What is a polysaccharide? |
|
Definition
| Group of carboyhydrates starting at 10 and up to 10,000. |
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Term
| What do monosaccharides contain? |
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Definition
| Both primary and secondary alcohols. |
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Term
|
Definition
A carbohydrate containing the algehyde functional group.
O
ll
R-C- H |
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Term
|
Definition
A carbohydrate containing the ketone functional group.
O
ll
C-C-C |
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|
Term
| What are the two types of carbohydrates? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are classifications for monosaccharides? |
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Definition
| Triose, tetrose, pentose, hexose. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Mirror images of eachother. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Mirror images of each other. |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Only one or more of the chiral carbons has been changed. |
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|
Term
| What are characteristics of glucose. |
|
Definition
| Most abundant monosacchariade in nature. Dextrose, blood sugar, broken down in cells for energy, found in milk and sugar, glycogen and starch. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
CH2OH
C = O
HO + H
H + OH
H + OH
CH2OH |
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|
Term
|
Definition
O
ll
C - H
H + OH
HO + H
H + OH
H + OH
CH2OH |
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|
Term
| Characteristics of amylose. |
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Definition
| Part of a starch mixture that also contains amylopectin. Contains D-glucose unites bonded in a containue chain. Tend to coil like a telephone cord. |
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|
Term
| Chracteristics of amylopectin. |
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Definition
| 80% plant starch. Branching occurs. |
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|
Term
| How does pKa relate to the strength of an acid? |
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Definition
| The smaller the pKa the stronger the acid. |
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|
Term
| What is the relationship between pKa and pH? |
|
Definition
| If pKa > pH, take H+. If pKa < pH lose H+. |
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|
Term
| What is produced during a peptide bond? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Why do polypeptides fold up? |
|
Definition
| So that the nonpolar areas interact with each other and the polar areas interact with water. |
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|
Term
| What are the four levels of structure in a protein? |
|
Definition
| Primary, seconday, tertiary, and quarternary. |
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|
Term
| What are the two substructures of the secondary structure protein? |
|
Definition
| Alpha helix and beta pleated sheet. |
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|
Term
| What stablizes secondary structures? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is the tertirary structure of a protein structured? |
|
Definition
| So that the nonpolar side chains are on the interior and the polar side chains on the surface with water. |
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|
Term
| What stablizes the tertiary structure of a protein? |
|
Definition
| Attractive forces between the side chains and aqueous environment. And attractive forces between the side chains themselves. |
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|
Term
| What are some of the attractive forces in a tertiary structure? |
|
Definition
| London forces, hydrogen bonding, dipole-dipole, ion-dipole, salt bridges, and disulfide bonds. |
|
|
Term
| What stablizes a primary structure protein? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What stablizes a quarternary structure protein? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are globular proteins? |
|
Definition
| Compact, spherical structures that are soluble in aqueous environment. |
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|
Term
| What are fibrous proteins |
|
Definition
| Long, threadlike with high helical content. |
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|
Term
| Characteristics of hemoglovin. |
|
Definition
| Example of 4 subunits forming quaternary structure. Each subunit contains a nonprotein part called the prosthetic group called a heme. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Binds an Fe2+ which binds O2 |
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|
Term
| What are some functions of proteins? |
|
Definition
| Transport oxygen in blood. Components of skin and muscles. Defense mechanisms against infections. Biological catalysts called enzymes. And control metabolism of hormones. |
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|
Term
| What does the order of amino acids in protein determine? |
|
Definition
| The structure and biological function. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Protonated amine on left. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Protonated amine on right. |
|
|
Term
| What are the four categories for amino acids? |
|
Definition
| Nonpolar, polar, acidic, and basic. |
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|
Term
| What are the 10 essential amino acids? |
|
Definition
| Valine, leucine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, methionine, typtophan, threonine, histidine, lysine, and argainine. |
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|
Term
| What can be synthesized in the body from metabolic precursors? |
|
Definition
| Nonessential amino acids. |
|
|
Term
| Can dietary amino acids be stored? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why are essential amino acids important? |
|
Definition
| They can not be synthesized in the body and they cannot be stored. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A solution that contains conjugate acid/base pairs that will resist a change in pH to solution. |
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|
Term
| Why are buffers useful in the body? |
|
Definition
| They help our bodies maintain the proper pH in the bloodstream. |
|
|
Term
| What is respiratory acidosis? |
|
Definition
| Not enought CO2 expelled, buildup occurs. More acid produced to lower pH. More H3O+, more acidic, lower pH. |
|
|
Term
| What is respiratory alkalosis? |
|
Definition
| Too much CO2 expelled, removed acid, raising pH. Lowering concentration of H3O+, more basic, higher pH. (paper bag) |
|
|
Term
| What is the K, equilibrium expression? |
|
Definition
| K = (reactants)/products) (dont forget coefficent as exponents) |
|
|
Term
| What does it mean is K = 1? |
|
Definition
| Equal amounts of products and reactants. |
|
|
Term
| What does it mean if K > 1? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does it mean if K < 1? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does Ka value relate to acids? |
|
Definition
| Large the Ka value the stronger the acid. (as opposed to pKa) |
|
|
Term
| What is the equation relating pH to H3O+? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does pKa give the ratio of? |
|
Definition
| The ratio of conjugate base and hydronium ion to weak acid. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| How much hydronium ion is present in solution. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the definition of an acid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the definition of a base? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are neutralization reactions? |
|
Definition
| Acid/base reactions that react to form a salt and water. |
|
|
Term
| What is a big difference in how strong acids react compared to weak acids? |
|
Definition
| Strong acids ->. Weak acids reversible. |
|
|
Term
| What are the primary structural components of cell membranes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The primary structural components of cell membranes. |
|
|
Term
| What is an isotonic solution. |
|
Definition
| When the concentrations of solutes in the solution are the same on both sides of the membrane. |
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|
Term
| What is a hypotonic solution. |
|
Definition
| Concentration of solutes outside the cell is low while the concentration of solutes in the cell is high. |
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|
Term
| What is a hypertonic solution. |
|
Definition
| Concentration of solutes outside the cell is high while the concentration of solutes inside the cell is low. |
|
|
Term
| What is the net flow of solution across the cell membrane? |
|
Definition
| Net flow is from lower concentration to higher concentration. |
|
|
Term
| What are the common physiological solutions? |
|
Definition
| 0.90 % m/v NaCl. and 5% m/v D-glucose. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The net movement of molecules from area of high concentration to area of low concentration. |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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