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Exam 3
Weight Control, Exercise, CVD, Diabetes
101
Health Care
Undergraduate 1
04/18/2013

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Cards

Term
Essential fat
Definition
for normal physiological processes
Term
Nonessential fat
Definition
stored mainly in adipose tissue (lifestyle, genetics, storage sites)
Term
Percent body fat for men
Definition
3-5%
Term
Percent body fat for women
Definition
8-12%
Term
Purpose of BMI (weight kg / height m^2)
Definition
can indicate whether you have a healthy or unhealthy weight
Term
Diagnostic use of BMI
Definition
quickly assess their weight and body fat levels
Term
Contributing factors of excess body fat
Definition
genetic factors, physiological factors (metabolism, hormones), lifestyle factors (eating, physical activity), psychosocial
Term
Health risks of excess body fat
Definition
diabetes (type 2), hypertension, impaired immune system, kidney disease, sleep disorders, arthritis & cancer
Term
Fat distribution of excess body fat
Definition
apple vs pear
Term
Role of leptin in appetite & hunger control
Definition
high levels: suppress appetite in brain
low levels: trigger hunger signals
Term
Role of orexin in appetite & hunger control
Definition
produced in HYPOTHALAMUS to promote eating
Term
Role of ghrelin in appetite & hunger control
Definition
produced in STOMACH to promote eating
Term
Link between food addiction & the reward pathway
Definition
reward pathways in the brain are triggered by certain foods (even certain drugs)
Term
Ways to improve one's diet
Definition
decrease 250 calories/day AND lose 250 250 calories/day
Term
Healthy gradual weight loss
Definition
1/2 to 2 lbs per week
Term
Lb of fat -> calories
Definition
1 lb of fat = 3,500 calories
Term
Hunger vs craving
Definition
hunger: you are physiologically hungry
craving: you are not physiologically hungry
Term
Healthy calories
Definition
1600 - sedentary women/older adults
2200 - children, teenage girls, active women, sedentary men
2800 - teenage boys, active men, very active women
Term
What are hormones?
Definition
a chemical released by one or more cells that affects cells in other parts of the organism.
Term
Metabolism
Definition
biochemical processes that occur with any living organism - including humans - to maintain life
Term
Catabolism
Definition
breaks things down and gives out energy
Term
Anabolism
Definition
builds things and consumes energy
Term
Average American consumes ______ of sugar
Definition
20 teaspoons
Term
Healthy BMI
Definition
19-24
Term
Fat-free mass
Definition
water, muscle, connective tissue, bones, organ tissue
Term
Physical activity
Definition
bodily movement produced by muscle contraction that increases energy expenditure above resting level
Term
Sources of ATP & ATP production
Definition
glucose; anaerobic & aerobic metabolism
Term
Aerobic metabolism
Definition
produces ATP in presence of oxygen; low energy output
Term
Anaerobic metabolism
Definition
produces ATP in absence of oxygen; high energy output
Term
Cardiorespiratory function
Definition
relies on the circulatory system to transport oxygen to the working muscles before it creates ATP
Term
Role of cardiovascular system
Definition
oxygen exchange...
Term
Exercise
Definition
physical activity that is planned and structured with the primary purpose of improving or maintaining one or more aspects of our physical capacity
Term
Components of physical fitness
Definition
• Perform routine physical tasks with vigor
• Participate in a variety of physical activities
• Reduce their risk for multiple, inactivity-related chronic diseases
Term
How is energy obtained?
Definition
obtained from food (short-term), production of ATP (long-term)
Term
Anaerobic metabolism
Definition
produces ATP in absence of oxygen; high energy output
Term
Cardiorespiratory function
Definition
relies on the circulatory system to transport oxygen to the working muscles before it creates ATP
Term
Principles of exercise training
Definition
1. individuality (everyone responds differently to training)
2. specificity (specific exercise determines specific benefit)
3. progression (increase amt & intensity gradually)
4. overload
5. adaptation (your body adapts)
6. recovery (take days for no workouts/less intensity)
7. reversibility (prolonged break will reverse the previous effects)
Term
Overload principle
Definition
states that a greater than normal stress or load on the body is required for training adaptation to take place.
Term
Energy expenditure
Definition
amt of energy your body burns per day
Term
What does barefoot running do?
Definition
Forces landing on your forefoot which lowers the impact 7x when foot hits ground
Term
Exercise improves lungs, heart & muscle... How?
Definition
Lungs - enhances exchange of oxygen & wastes at higher breathing rates
Heart - cardiac muscle strengthens, ejecting more blood with each beat
Muscle - cells become more effective in metabolizing fuel sources
Term
Strength
Definition
maximal force that a muscle can exert
Term
Endurance
Definition
ability to exert sub-maximal force over time
Term
Flexibility
Definition
range of motion available in a joint
Term
What is the leading cause of death in the US for men & women?
Definition
CVD
Term
% of people who have heart attacks that are under age 65
Definition
45%
Term
Purpose of heart
Definition
move blood, gas exchange, nutrient delivery
Term
Heart chambers
Definition
right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, left ventricle
Term
Pulmonary circulation
Definition
Leaves heart on the right, returns on the left
This is DEOXYGENATED blood to & from lungs
Term
Systemic circulation
Definition
Leaves heart on left
Heart pumps OXYGENATED blood to body
Term
Coronary arteries
Definition
supply oxygenated and nutrient filled blood to the heart muscle
Term
Systole
Definition
Ventricles are contracting
Term
Diastole
Definition
Ventricles are relaxing, filling with blood
Term
Blood pressure
Definition
the pressure exerted by the blood against the walls of the blood vessels, especially the arterie
Term
Conditions in which blood pressure may be altered
Definition
hypertension
stroke
diabetes
kidney disease
stress
Term
Artery
Definition
carry oxygenated blood (AWAY from heart)
Term
Arteriole
Definition
smaller than artery, but more numerous. Surround organs & tissues
Term
Capillaries
Definition
smaller than arteriole, slower transport, more numerous, in between every few cells
Term
Veins
Definition
carry deoxygenated blood (TO the heart)
Term
Role of sympathetic and parasympathetic systems in terms of heart function
Definition
they influence how fast the pacemaker beats
Term
Hypertension
Definition
may cause damage before detection
*need 3 distinct measurements before you are diagnosed*
Term
Atherosclerosis
Definition
starts during childhood & builds up overtime
-> artery wall thickens as a result of fatty deposits
Term
Heart attack
Definition
full blockage of a coronary artery
Term
Stroke
Definition
"brain attack" - impeded blood supply to a part of the brain
Term
Congestive heart failure
Definition
blood backs up in veins leading to heart, causing fluid retention (swollen feet & legs)
Term
Arrhythmia
Definition
disruption of electrical system - leads to irregular heart beat
Term
Angina
Definition
heart doesn't get enough oxygen; sign that you have a partial blockage
Term
Consequences of unmanaged hypertension
Definition
increased pressure against arterial walls
heart has to work harder, weakens, enlarges, arteries scar & harden
risk factor for other diseases
Term
Strategies to lower blood pressure
Definition
weight loss
cessation of smoking
decrease salt intake
medications
Term
Heart attack symptoms in men
Definition
CHEST PAIN,
Term
Heart attack symptoms in women
Definition
flu-like symptoms
Term
Ischemic stroke
Definition
a result of an obstruction within a blood vessel supplying blood to the brain
Term
Hemorrhagic stroke
Definition
occurs when a weakened blood vessel ruptures
Term
Role of liver
Definition
Makes bile & cholesterol
Converse excess glucose -> glycogen for storage
Clears blood of drugs & bacteria
Term
Function of cholesterol
Definition
Carries fats throughout the body
Term
Link between triglycerides & disease
Definition
reliable predictor of CVD
Term
Strategies to lower blood-lipid levels
Definition
exercise & dietary changes
Term
Risk factors for CVD
Definition
hypertension
diabetes
increased cholesterol
smoking
sedentary lifestyle
stress
obesity
male
family history
older age
Term
Lifestyle choices that lead to CVD
Definition
diet, psychological factors (anger, depression, anxiety), social isolation
Term
Consequences of smoking
Definition
2-3x increase risk of heart attack
Term
Mechanisms of tobacco use that increase risk of CVD
Definition
decrease in HDL
carbon monoxide displaces oxygen in the body
blood thickens
Term
Benefits of exercise
Definition
increase in HDL
controls blood pressure
manage stress
Term
Exercise & dietary changes vs HDL
Definition
HDL increases through continuous aerobic exercise
Term
Exercise & dietary changes vs LDL
Definition
dietary modifications
Term
Aneurysm
Definition
a weak area in a blood vessel that usually enlarges
Term
SA node
Definition
natural pacemaker
Term
AV node
Definition
conduction
Term
Function of insulin
Definition
helps cells use glucose for energy
Term
Insulin role in diabetes
Definition
Type 1: complete deficiency of insulin
Type 2: combo of insulin resistance & deficiency
Term
Type 1
Definition
-body does not produce insulin
-diagnosed in children/young adults
-5% of diabetics have this prom
Term
Type 2
Definition
-most common
-either body does not produce enough insulin or the cells ignore the insulin
Term
Effects of diabetes on body
Definition
• Heart & blood vessel disease
• Nerve damage (neuropathy)
• Kidney damage (nephropathy)
• Eye damage
• Foot damage
• Skin & mouth conditions
• Osteoporosis
• Alzheimer’s disease
• Hearing problems
Term
Symptoms of Type 1
Definition
-frequent urination
-unusual thirst
-extreme hunger
-unusual weight loss
-extreme fatigue & irritability
Term
Symptoms of Type 2
Definition
-type 1 symptoms
-frequent infections
-blurred vision
-cuts/bruises are slow to heal
-tingling/numbness in hands/feet
-recurring skin, gum or bladder infections
Term
Diabetes target groups
Definition
African Americans, Latinos, Native, Americans, Asian Americans, Native Hawaiians & the aged population
Term
Current diabetes treatments
Definition
Type 1: insulin, exercise, diabetic diet
Type 2: weight reduction, diabetic diet, exercise, oral meds
Term
Risk factors for diabetes
Definition
Type 1: genetics/family history, infection/illness
Type 2: obesity, ethnic background, hbp, family history, age
Term
The role of diet and exercise in the management of Type 2 diabetes
Definition
improves body's use of insulin, lowers BP, controls weight
Term
The relationship between obesity and Type 2 diabetes
Definition
when a person is overweight, the cells in the body become less sensitive to the insulin that is released from the pancreas
Term
Tachycardia
Definition
a faster than normal heart rate
-- Ventricles can’t completely fill
Term
Bradycardia
Definition
a slower than normal heart rate
-- Poor circulation of the blood
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