Term
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Definition
| for normal physiological processes |
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Term
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Definition
| stored mainly in adipose tissue (lifestyle, genetics, storage sites) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Percent body fat for women |
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Definition
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Term
| Purpose of BMI (weight kg / height m^2) |
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Definition
| can indicate whether you have a healthy or unhealthy weight |
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Term
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Definition
| quickly assess their weight and body fat levels |
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Term
| Contributing factors of excess body fat |
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Definition
| genetic factors, physiological factors (metabolism, hormones), lifestyle factors (eating, physical activity), psychosocial |
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Term
| Health risks of excess body fat |
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Definition
| diabetes (type 2), hypertension, impaired immune system, kidney disease, sleep disorders, arthritis & cancer |
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Term
| Fat distribution of excess body fat |
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Definition
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Term
| Role of leptin in appetite & hunger control |
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Definition
high levels: suppress appetite in brain
low levels: trigger hunger signals |
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Term
| Role of orexin in appetite & hunger control |
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Definition
| produced in HYPOTHALAMUS to promote eating |
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Term
| Role of ghrelin in appetite & hunger control |
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Definition
| produced in STOMACH to promote eating |
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Term
| Link between food addiction & the reward pathway |
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Definition
| reward pathways in the brain are triggered by certain foods (even certain drugs) |
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Term
| Ways to improve one's diet |
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Definition
| decrease 250 calories/day AND lose 250 250 calories/day |
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Term
| Healthy gradual weight loss |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| 1 lb of fat = 3,500 calories |
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Term
|
Definition
hunger: you are physiologically hungry
craving: you are not physiologically hungry |
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Term
|
Definition
1600 - sedentary women/older adults
2200 - children, teenage girls, active women, sedentary men
2800 - teenage boys, active men, very active women |
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Term
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Definition
| a chemical released by one or more cells that affects cells in other parts of the organism. |
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Term
|
Definition
| biochemical processes that occur with any living organism - including humans - to maintain life |
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Term
|
Definition
| breaks things down and gives out energy |
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Term
|
Definition
| builds things and consumes energy |
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Term
| Average American consumes ______ of sugar |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| water, muscle, connective tissue, bones, organ tissue |
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Term
|
Definition
| bodily movement produced by muscle contraction that increases energy expenditure above resting level |
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Term
| Sources of ATP & ATP production |
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Definition
| glucose; anaerobic & aerobic metabolism |
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Term
|
Definition
| produces ATP in presence of oxygen; low energy output |
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Term
|
Definition
| produces ATP in absence of oxygen; high energy output |
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Term
| Cardiorespiratory function |
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Definition
| relies on the circulatory system to transport oxygen to the working muscles before it creates ATP |
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Term
| Role of cardiovascular system |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| physical activity that is planned and structured with the primary purpose of improving or maintaining one or more aspects of our physical capacity |
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Term
| Components of physical fitness |
|
Definition
• Perform routine physical tasks with vigor
• Participate in a variety of physical activities
• Reduce their risk for multiple, inactivity-related chronic diseases |
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Term
|
Definition
| obtained from food (short-term), production of ATP (long-term) |
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Term
|
Definition
| produces ATP in absence of oxygen; high energy output |
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Term
| Cardiorespiratory function |
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Definition
| relies on the circulatory system to transport oxygen to the working muscles before it creates ATP |
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Term
| Principles of exercise training |
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Definition
1. individuality (everyone responds differently to training)
2. specificity (specific exercise determines specific benefit)
3. progression (increase amt & intensity gradually)
4. overload
5. adaptation (your body adapts)
6. recovery (take days for no workouts/less intensity)
7. reversibility (prolonged break will reverse the previous effects) |
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Term
|
Definition
| states that a greater than normal stress or load on the body is required for training adaptation to take place. |
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Term
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Definition
| amt of energy your body burns per day |
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Term
| What does barefoot running do? |
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Definition
| Forces landing on your forefoot which lowers the impact 7x when foot hits ground |
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Term
| Exercise improves lungs, heart & muscle... How? |
|
Definition
Lungs - enhances exchange of oxygen & wastes at higher breathing rates
Heart - cardiac muscle strengthens, ejecting more blood with each beat
Muscle - cells become more effective in metabolizing fuel sources |
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Term
|
Definition
| maximal force that a muscle can exert |
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Term
|
Definition
| ability to exert sub-maximal force over time |
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Term
|
Definition
| range of motion available in a joint |
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Term
| What is the leading cause of death in the US for men & women? |
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Definition
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Term
| % of people who have heart attacks that are under age 65 |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| move blood, gas exchange, nutrient delivery |
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Term
|
Definition
| right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, left ventricle |
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Term
|
Definition
Leaves heart on the right, returns on the left
This is DEOXYGENATED blood to & from lungs |
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Term
|
Definition
Leaves heart on left
Heart pumps OXYGENATED blood to body |
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Term
|
Definition
| supply oxygenated and nutrient filled blood to the heart muscle |
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Term
|
Definition
| Ventricles are contracting |
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Term
|
Definition
| Ventricles are relaxing, filling with blood |
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Term
|
Definition
| the pressure exerted by the blood against the walls of the blood vessels, especially the arterie |
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Term
| Conditions in which blood pressure may be altered |
|
Definition
hypertension
stroke
diabetes
kidney disease
stress |
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Term
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Definition
| carry oxygenated blood (AWAY from heart) |
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Term
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Definition
| smaller than artery, but more numerous. Surround organs & tissues |
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Term
|
Definition
| smaller than arteriole, slower transport, more numerous, in between every few cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| carry deoxygenated blood (TO the heart) |
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Term
| Role of sympathetic and parasympathetic systems in terms of heart function |
|
Definition
| they influence how fast the pacemaker beats |
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Term
|
Definition
may cause damage before detection
*need 3 distinct measurements before you are diagnosed* |
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Term
|
Definition
starts during childhood & builds up overtime
-> artery wall thickens as a result of fatty deposits |
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Term
|
Definition
| full blockage of a coronary artery |
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Term
|
Definition
| "brain attack" - impeded blood supply to a part of the brain |
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Term
|
Definition
| blood backs up in veins leading to heart, causing fluid retention (swollen feet & legs) |
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Term
|
Definition
| disruption of electrical system - leads to irregular heart beat |
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Term
|
Definition
| heart doesn't get enough oxygen; sign that you have a partial blockage |
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Term
| Consequences of unmanaged hypertension |
|
Definition
increased pressure against arterial walls
heart has to work harder, weakens, enlarges, arteries scar & harden
risk factor for other diseases |
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Term
| Strategies to lower blood pressure |
|
Definition
weight loss
cessation of smoking
decrease salt intake
medications |
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Term
| Heart attack symptoms in men |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Heart attack symptoms in women |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| a result of an obstruction within a blood vessel supplying blood to the brain |
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Term
|
Definition
| occurs when a weakened blood vessel ruptures |
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Term
|
Definition
Makes bile & cholesterol
Converse excess glucose -> glycogen for storage
Clears blood of drugs & bacteria |
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Term
|
Definition
| Carries fats throughout the body |
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|
Term
| Link between triglycerides & disease |
|
Definition
| reliable predictor of CVD |
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Term
| Strategies to lower blood-lipid levels |
|
Definition
| exercise & dietary changes |
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Term
|
Definition
hypertension
diabetes
increased cholesterol
smoking
sedentary lifestyle
stress
obesity
male
family history
older age |
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Term
| Lifestyle choices that lead to CVD |
|
Definition
| diet, psychological factors (anger, depression, anxiety), social isolation |
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Term
|
Definition
| 2-3x increase risk of heart attack |
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Term
| Mechanisms of tobacco use that increase risk of CVD |
|
Definition
decrease in HDL
carbon monoxide displaces oxygen in the body
blood thickens |
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Term
|
Definition
increase in HDL
controls blood pressure
manage stress |
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|
Term
| Exercise & dietary changes vs HDL |
|
Definition
| HDL increases through continuous aerobic exercise |
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|
Term
| Exercise & dietary changes vs LDL |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a weak area in a blood vessel that usually enlarges |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| helps cells use glucose for energy |
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Term
|
Definition
Type 1: complete deficiency of insulin
Type 2: combo of insulin resistance & deficiency |
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Term
|
Definition
-body does not produce insulin
-diagnosed in children/young adults
-5% of diabetics have this prom |
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Term
|
Definition
-most common
-either body does not produce enough insulin or the cells ignore the insulin |
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Term
| Effects of diabetes on body |
|
Definition
• Heart & blood vessel disease
• Nerve damage (neuropathy)
• Kidney damage (nephropathy)
• Eye damage
• Foot damage
• Skin & mouth conditions
• Osteoporosis
• Alzheimer’s disease
• Hearing problems |
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Term
|
Definition
-frequent urination
-unusual thirst
-extreme hunger
-unusual weight loss
-extreme fatigue & irritability |
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Term
|
Definition
-type 1 symptoms
-frequent infections
-blurred vision
-cuts/bruises are slow to heal
-tingling/numbness in hands/feet
-recurring skin, gum or bladder infections |
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Term
|
Definition
| African Americans, Latinos, Native, Americans, Asian Americans, Native Hawaiians & the aged population |
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|
Term
| Current diabetes treatments |
|
Definition
Type 1: insulin, exercise, diabetic diet
Type 2: weight reduction, diabetic diet, exercise, oral meds |
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|
Term
| Risk factors for diabetes |
|
Definition
Type 1: genetics/family history, infection/illness
Type 2: obesity, ethnic background, hbp, family history, age |
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|
Term
| The role of diet and exercise in the management of Type 2 diabetes |
|
Definition
| improves body's use of insulin, lowers BP, controls weight |
|
|
Term
| The relationship between obesity and Type 2 diabetes |
|
Definition
| when a person is overweight, the cells in the body become less sensitive to the insulin that is released from the pancreas |
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Term
|
Definition
a faster than normal heart rate
-- Ventricles can’t completely fill |
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Term
|
Definition
a slower than normal heart rate
-- Poor circulation of the blood |
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