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| The Spanish friar who compiled the Florentine Codex |
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| A large settlement dating to the Mississippian Period located just outside of St. Louis |
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| A canyon in New Mexico that became the center of a regional settlement network and the site of the constuction of large mulitstoried structures, known as Great Houses, beginning around A.D. 800 |
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| Raised agricultural beds built in swamps; critical for Aztec agriculture |
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| A large Maya city with two large pyramids and an elaborate ball court at its center |
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| A goddess killed by the Aztec patron god Huitzilopochtli in a central event in Aztec mythology |
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| A writing system in which signs were impressed in wet clay. Cuneiform was used to write a range of languages, including Sumerina and Akkadian |
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| The period that follows the Uruk period, during which southern Mesopotamia was home to a series of city states |
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| Political entities that bring together a diverse and heterogenous group of socities under a single ruler |
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| A document that is a major source of information on Aztec history and culture; compiled soon after the Spanish conquest of the Aztecs |
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| The site of the pyramidsbof Cheops, Cepheren, and Mycerinus - monuments representing the apex of pyramid construction in Old Kingdom Egypt |
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A large settlement in modern Zimbabwe that includes the remains of impressive stone enclosures and was built between A.D. 1300 and A.D. 1400
-large enclosures surrounded by granite walls, to screen elites from view
-Circular huts built of dhaka
-important in trade network-ties goldmines of Africa with markets of China |
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| The period between 2600 B.C. and 1900 B.C. during which urban centers developed in the Indus Valley |
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| Along with Abydos, one of the two centers of Egypt during the late Predynastic period and the First Dynasty |
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| An empire that thrived for over a century and at its peak ruled over 12 million people from northern Chile to Ecuador |
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| An area extending along the course of the Indus River that covers much of the modern Pakistan and the Kutch and Gujarat provinces of India |
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| The site of an urban center in Mali, West Africa, that predates extensive external conflict |
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| A system of knotted strings used by the Inca to record information |
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| A complex combination of pictographic and syballic script that initially developed to record major events in the lives of rulers |
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| A culture that developed along the Pacific coast of Peru and that flourished beginning 2,000 years ago |
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| One of the two major urban centers of the Harappan period |
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| A massive earthen pyramid occupying the core of the ancient settlement of Cahokia |
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| Site of the oldest city in Mesoamerica, located in the Oaxaca Valley |
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| Artifact discovered at the site of the Hierakonpolis; its two sides show the unification of Upper nad Lower Egypt under King Narmer |
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| A culture that developed along the southern Pacific coast of Peru at the same time as the Moche society |
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| A swath of lush vegetation descending from the highlands of Ethiopia and standing in sharp contrast to the surrouding desert |
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| The earliest complex society in Mesoamerica. Olmec sites are located along the Gulf Coast of Mexico |
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| The collective descendants of the Inca emperor |
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A massive 650-room complex, the largest Great House in Chaco Canyon
2 acres
Semi-circle enclosing a great central plaza
20+ kivas |
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| The location of the stepped pyramid, the earliest constructed in Egypt. In later periods, Saqqara continued to be used as a sacred burial area |
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| The second of three powerful dynasties that emerged in northern China during the period between 2000 B.C. and 500 B.C. |
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| An elite burial site on the coast of Peru that has given archaeologists a sense of the wealth and violenece of Moche society |
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| A ring of massive standing stones on the Salisbury Plain, England, that was constructed beginning in the Early Neolithic and ending in the Early Bronze Age |
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| The Inca name for their empire; the name means "the four parts together" |
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| Double pyramid at the center of Tenochtitlan that was the core of the Aztec world |
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| The capital of the Aztec Empire and the largest indigenous city ever built in the Americas; located in the Valley of Mexico |
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| An enormous city with a population of over 80,000 located in the Valley of Mexico and established around 2,000 years ago |
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| Tigris and Euphrates River |
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| Two large rivers that were the focus for the development of Mesopotamian civilization |
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| One of the major Maya urban centers |
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| An empire that preceded the Aztecs in the Valley of Mexico. It is not clear whether the Toltec controlled areas beyond their capital city |
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| The oldest known city in the world, located in southern Iraq |
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| The period between 4000 and 3200 B.C. during which the first cities in Mesopotamia were developed |
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| Pacific Northwest Coast Environment |
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1) North West Coast: Pacific Maritime Forests
2) Interior Plateau: grasslands, parks, and coniferous forest along margins |
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| Pacific Northwest Coast Subsistence |
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| Salmon, marine mammals, shell fish, deer, mountain goats, roots, berries; explanation of and reasons for lack of agriculture are much debated |
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| Pacific Northwest Coast Settlement |
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| Permanent coastal and riverside plank-house villages; temporary villages in uplands for exploiting game, roots, berries |
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| Pacific Northwest Coast Socio-Cultural |
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| stratified-slave, commoner, elite - with complex kinship systems and cranial modifications for elite |
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| developed the concept of Urban-based society |
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1. Egalitarian socities: differences in status are based on skill, age, and gender
2. Ranked societies: presence of a hierarchy of prestige not linked to skill, age, or gender
3. Stratified socities: access to key resources in linked prestige
4. State societies: power is organized on a supra-kin basis |
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| argued that states developed in circumscribed settings in response to warfare resulting from population growth |
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| divided human socities similarly into 1) bands; 2) tribes; 3) chiefdoms; 4) states with power based on bureaucratic government by force |
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Late Neolithic ca. 5,000
Earthwork circle
1. Around ditch, 110m in diameter with a slight embankment inside
2. And a ring of holes- "Aubrey holes" - dug along the inside of the ditch |
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Late Neolithic ca 5,000-4,500
Burials and a Timber Structure |
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Early Bronze Age ca 4,500-3,500
Stone Monument, with the "most impressive" aspect constructed in six sub-phases |
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| Bluestones-250 km away from inner ring |
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| Sarsen Circle and Trilithons |
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| Bluestones were reorganzed and a series of holes was dug in concentric circles around the site |
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Prehistoric observatory?
Druid sanctuary?
Ritual Function |
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200 year endeaver
800 A.D.-1000A.D
Large Population
Small amount of domestic activity
Ceremonial Center
Began as an elite center and then became ceremonial |
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Neches River valley, East Texas (Hwy 21 between Crocket and Nacadoches)
-800 AD
-Burial and temple mounds up to 20 ft high
-Beehive-shaped, multi-family straw houses
-larger houses for government and family
-Long distance trade |
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states operating primarily from large population centers (ie cities), insofar as state bureaucracy emerged in concert with development of cities
-deal with public work
-flow of wealth or taxes
-legal standards |
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5000-4000 BC
earliest well-represented period in Southern Mesopotamia |
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4000-3000 BC
1. Complec trade networks and copper metallurgy
2. Stratified societies
3. Fortified villages; warlord (emperor) Huang Di, father of Chinese civilization |
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Longshan 3000-2000 BC; lower Yellow River basin
1. Marked popualtion increases
2. Deforestation above floodplains
3. Floodplain farming and irrigation |
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| some archaeological evidence supports this historically documented era 2070 BC and 1600 BC |
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| 1122 BC to 256 BC; lasted almost 1,000 years, longer than any other, walled cities larger and more complex, with elite and craftspeople on inside and farmers on outside "essentially the same civilization continued" from the Shang |
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The first Egyptian pyramid built in Saqqara during the third dynasty was construced by King Djoser
the pyramid is assciated with a complex enclosed within a wall |
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founded as a new capital city by Akhenaten
Akhenaten started Egyptian religion reform
Started a new art style
Fortified Egyptian city that stretched over a mile on a major road |
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early farming village ca 1-5.5k BC- with houses built with mud bricks
-earliest evidence of drilling on teeth
-Stored grain and other foods
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The earliest evidence for extensice settlement in the Indus valley
includes large fortified towns
-for fortification or flood walls?
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Urban centers developed in the Indus Valley
extended across entire Indus Valley
Trade networks
small villages
only 5 large cities know (Harappa andd Mohenjo-Daro) |
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| Common features of Harappan cities |
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houses and other structures are laid along a regular grid of streets that run through the city
striking sense of order and emphasis on hygine in cities
Elaborate drains lead from houses to covered channels that run through the streets and out of the city
Water was supplied to cities from wells lined with fired bricks |
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Lived in highly organized cities with a bureaucracy that used a writing system, seals, and weights
Construction and maintenance of an urban sewage system unrivaled by other early state socities
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Elites do not appear to have lived very differently from other members of society
Possible elites expressed power through monument or elaborate burial ceremonies |
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Deforestation
Tectonic changes
Invading hordes-probably not |
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| mostly practiced by the Mayans |
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developed in the Mayan lowlands which are divided into
-Tropical rainforests of the southern zone
-Flat scrublands of the Yucatan in the northern zone where sites are located near cenotes |
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| basin of limestone filled with water- critical water source |
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around 870 AD the southern Mayan lowlands cllapsed
New construction ended and cities were gradually deserted
-warfare weakened rulers
-increasing power of nobility weaked rulers
-not enough food to feed the people
-Drought |
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Aztecs kept illustrated books, however few have survived
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Coatlicue lived on mountain, impregnated by ball of feathers and bore the patron deity
Coyolxauhqui urged her 399 siblings to kill their mother when they heard she was pregnant
At the point they were about to attack the patron god was born full grown and dressed for wat
Her body fell down the mountains and broke into pieces, and then he becomes god |
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crucial role in Aztec ritual in Tenochtitlan
Florentine Codex had description
-4 men stretched
-breast cut open and heart seized and given to sun
-Cast down side of pyramid
-head removed and put on skull rack
believed sacrifices to ensure continuation of the universe
victims thought to be transformed into dieties |
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| Aztec and European conflict |
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| invariably used armed conflict as the mode of conducting exploration and conquest of local populations and governments (Aztecs) |
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Hebrew for fortress
situated atop an isolated rock cliff at western end of Judean Desert, overlooking the Dead sea. Place of gaunt majestic beauty
Everyone killed themselves inside so not to be conquered |
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| ruled over 12 million people and 3,000 km |
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| the emperor of Inca who was eventually captured and killed |
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| Temperate Europe (agriculture) |
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Developed by 5600 BC
Via Mediterranean complement (domestic grains, animals supporting technology) |
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| Mediterranean Europe (Farming) |
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Farming communities/villages based on cereals, olives, and grapes, supplemented by sheep, goats, cattle and pigs
Technique: comparitively arid (grassland and savanna) farmland cultivated with simple hand tools |
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tombs, multi-compartment- widespread by 4500 BC, 1,500 years before first pyramids in Egypt
cermeonies widespread |
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475-15 BC
Burial assemblages contain everyday Mediterranean household items showing the growing importnace of trade
Development of Celtic art and ornamentation
less and less emphasis on individual
Oppoida |
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enormous settlements located in natural defensive positions and fortified by massive walls build of earth, stone, and timber
Oppoida construction projects were comparable to monumental construction efforts in Egypt, China, Mesoamerica, and South America |
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| trade route through Mediterranean countries |
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In the Ethiopian highlands an impressice kingdom developed.ings..around the first millenium.
Famous for its standing stones carved in the shape of multistory buildings |
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Devastating drought- caused end of construction-and abandoned
Crop failure
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| The woman tha was impregnated and then broke to pieces after birthing the patron god |
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middle of 6th millenium BC culture in Western Europe
known for pottery and longhouses which were constructed
movement of colonized farmers |
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| organization of non-elected officials of a governmet or organization who implement rules, laws, and functions of their instituion |
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| With the natural flooding and draining of the floodplain, the annual inundation permitted a single crop-season over two-thirds of the alluvial ground. |
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| characterized by bronze artifacts and the use of bronze implements. The regionalBronze Age succeeds theNeolithic, it starts with theAegean Bronze Age 3200 BC[1](then Beaker culture) and spans the entire 2nd millennium BC(Unetice culture, Urnfield culture, Tumulus culture,Terramare culture, Lusatian culture) in Northern Europelasting until ca. 600 BC. |
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| conqured the Incan empire |
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| most heavily populated river basin |
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intermittent river in India and Pakistan that flows only during monsoon season
Indus Valley Civilization and Harappan thought to have set up camp in the actual basin |
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5th king of Uruk-126 yr rule
Epic of Gilgamesh-greatest surviving work from Mesopotamia |
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predominant in Central European culture from 8th - 6th century BC developed out of the Urnfield culture.
linked to Celtic
Austria |
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Yellow Emporer- portrayed as the originator of the centralized state
Initiator of Chinese civilization |
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1st century Roman-Jewish historian
recorded having earliest recording of Jesus Christ outside of the gospels |
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late neolithic culture in China centered around the lower Yellow River
3000-2000 BC |
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| was an Egyptian historianand priest from Sebennytos (ancient Egyptian: Tjebnutjer) who lived during thePtolemaic era, approximately during the 3rd century BC. Manetho wrote theAegyptiaca (History of Egypt). His work is of great interest to Egyptologists, and is often used as evidence for the chronology of the reigns of pharaohs. |
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| earliest occupation of humans in the area |
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