Term
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Definition
| End Diastolic Volume; volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole |
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Term
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Definition
| End Systolic Volume; volume of blood in the ventricles after systole-after ejection is complete |
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Term
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Definition
| Stroke volume; amount of blood pumped out of each ventricle w/each contraction; SV=EDV-ESV |
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Term
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Definition
| Cardiac output; volume of blood pumped by each ventricle/min.; CO=HR x SV |
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Term
| Control of HR: Parasympathetic |
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Definition
| Vagus nerve; decrease HR-lengthens drift time; increase PR interval-nodal delay |
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Term
| Control of HR: Sympathetic |
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Definition
| 1)increase SA's node rate of depolarization which increases HR 2)reduces AV nodal delay 3)increases force of contraction |
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Term
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Definition
| EDV-ESV; increased venous return; increased force of contraction: Frank-Starling Law |
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Term
| Blood-General characteristics |
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Definition
1)Sticky, opaque fluid w/a metallic taste
2)Acidic (alkaline) pH=7.35-7.45
3)100.4 degrees F
4)5L-5.5L, 8% of total body weight |
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Term
|
Definition
1)Protection-WBC's
2)Distribution-carries O2, CO2, nutrients, wastes, hormones, temp.
3)Regulation-body's pH, temp., BP |
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Term
|
Definition
1)Plasma
2)Formed elements |
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Term
|
Definition
55% volume of blood
1)H2O-polar solution
2)Electrolytes
3)Cont. nutrients
4)Waste products
5)Dissolved gases
6)Hormones
7)Plasma proteins |
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Term
|
Definition
1)Albumins
2)Globulins
3)Fibrinogen |
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Term
|
Definition
| most abundant (60%); osmotic gradient-pulls H2O out of tissue, back into blood |
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Term
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Definition
| 37%; alpha, beta, gamma; Alpha/Beta-amphipatic (trasport nonpolars); Gamma-antibodies, made by lymphocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| 3-4%; always present, but inactive; active-fibren (fibers that produce blood clot) |
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Term
|
Definition
1)Biconcave discs-increase SA
2)No nucleus
3)Life span of 120 days
4)Removal by the spleen
5)Rate of production-2.5million/sec.
6)Hemoglobin |
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Term
|
Definition
| process of making reg blood cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| increases blood secretion |
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Term
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Definition
| insufficient hemoglobin or decrease in RBC's |
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Term
|
Definition
1)Pernicious
2)Aplastic
3)Hemolytic |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| red bone marrow doesn't work; destroyed in radiation, cancer, exposure to toxic chem. |
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Term
|
Definition
| RBC's blow up; Sickle cell, Malaria |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| platelets-cell fragments that make clots |
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Term
| 3 basic steps to forming a blood clot |
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Definition
1)Vascular spasm-constricting wall; diameter=smaller
2)Torn-platelets stick and form a platelet plug
3)Fibrinogen-activated to Fibrin |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| can't make own blood clot |
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Term
|
Definition
WBC's
1)Eosinophils
2)Basophils
3)Neutrophils
4)Monocytes
5)Lymphocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| present in large # when having an allergic reaction; control internal parasitic reaction |
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Term
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Definition
| produce 2 substances/store them; Histamine and Heprin |
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Term
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Definition
| phagocytosis; first line of defense |
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Term
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Definition
| diapedesis-squeeze through pore and into tissue, increase in size, called macrophages-phagocytosis |
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Term
|
Definition
1)T cells-remember pathogen
2)B cells-antibodies |
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Term
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Definition
| Low resistance passageway for blood; blood reservoir-at rest: 65-70% |
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Term
| Venous return is aided by... |
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Definition
1)Venous one way valves
2)Skeletal muscle activity
3)Respiratory-thoracic pressure changes
4)SNS stimulation |
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Term
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Definition
| A disease of the arteries characterized by the deposition of plaques of fatty material on their inner walls. |
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Term
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Definition
1)Good cholesterol-high density lipoprotein (HDL); moves from cell -> liver
2)Bad cholesterol-low density lipoprotein (LDL); stays in cells |
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Term
| Role of the lymphatic system |
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Definition
1)Filtrated plasma
2)Fat into lacteals from digestive tract
3)increase component of immune system lymphocytes |
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Term
| Increase venous return... |
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Definition
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Term
| Increase force of contraction |
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Definition
| decreases ESV and increases SV |
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Term
| Capillary system is optimized for diffusion because... |
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Definition
1)Thin walled, small diameter=short diffusion distance
2)High SA to Volume ratio
3)Low pressure and slow flow rate=plenty of time for exchange to occur |
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Term
|
Definition
| passive movement of H2O and solutes across the capillary walls through small pores btw. the endothelial cells that line the vessel |
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Term
| What is the main driving force for Blood flow? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are 3 major factors that influence blood flow resistance? |
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Definition
1)Increasing length-increases SA which increases resistance
2)Increasing viscosity
3)Radius-double the radius, increase in blood flow |
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Term
| Arterioles serve as the faucets on systems and are able to... |
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Definition
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Term
| Circular smooth muscle is innervated by the... |
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Definition
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Term
| Arterioles-Decreased SNS activity.... |
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Definition
| Relaxes muscles causing vasodilation |
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Term
| Arterioles-Increased SNS activity |
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Definition
| Contracts muscles causing Vasoconstriction |
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Term
| 4 local metabolic changes which promote vasodilation... |
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Definition
1)Decrease O2
2)Decrease nutrients
3)Increase CO2
4)Increase Waste |
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Term
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Definition
| mast cells; cause relaxation of muscle in blood vessel wall; promote relaxation and increase blood flow |
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Term
| Local heat and cold application cause... |
|
Definition
Heat=vasodilation
Cold=vasoconstriction |
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Term
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Definition
| driving force for filtration; exchange; contain 5% of Blood volume |
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Term
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Definition
| reflexion of SV; systolic - diastolic = PP |
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Term
|
Definition
| Average arterial pressure during Cardiac cycle; Diastolic + PP/3 = MAP |
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Term
| Blood pressure - monitoring system |
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Definition
| Baroreceptors-provide constant information regarding blood pressure |
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Term
| Respiration-3 basic functions |
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Definition
1)Ventilation
2)Gas exchange
3)O2 utilization-cellular respiration |
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Term
| Respiration-other respiratory functions of the system |
|
Definition
1)Eliminates H2O and Heat
2)Enhances VR
3)Maintains normal pH balance
4)enables vocalization
5)Defends against inhaled foreign materials
6)Modifies some of the materials carried in the blood
7)Enables the sense of smell |
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Term
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Definition
| region specialized for gas exchange btw. lungs and blood |
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Term
| Structure of the Alveolus: Type 1 alveolar cells |
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Definition
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Term
| Structure of the Alveolus: Type 2 alveolar cells |
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Definition
| cubodial; produce surfactant |
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Term
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Definition
| lipoprotein; reduces surface tension throughout the lungs; stabilizes alveoli |
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Term
|
Definition
| phagocytosis; clearing the air spaces of infectious, toxic, or allergic particles that have evaded the mechanical defenses of the respiratory tract |
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Term
|
Definition
| As the volume of a gas increases, the pressure exerted by the gas decreases proportionally and conversely. |
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Term
| Functions of the Urinary System |
|
Definition
1)Maintain H2O balance
2)Maintain Ionic balance
3)Reg. plasma volume
4)Reg. pH
5)Reg. osmolarity of body fluids
6)Eliminate waste
7)Excretes foreign compounds
8)Produces renin
9)Produces erythropoietin
10)Activate vitamin D |
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Term
|
Definition
| functional unit of the kidney |
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Term
| Vascular components of the nephron |
|
Definition
1)Blood vessels
2)Afferent arteriole-brings blood into nephron
3)Glomerulus-capillary (filtration)
4)Efferent arteriole-takes blood not filtered
5)Peritubular capillaries-blood capillaries around tubular structures |
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Term
| 3 basic processes involved in urine formation |
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Definition
1)Glomerular filtration of plasma: indiscriminate
2)Tubular reabsorption: highly discriminating
3)Tubular secretion: highly discriminating |
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Term
| Decreased HR _______________ Cardiac output. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Increased stroke volume ______________ cardiac output |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Decreased venous radius _________ the blood flow through the vein. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Increased skeletal muscle activity __________ venous return. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Increased parasympathetic nerve activity _________ the HR. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Increased sympathetic nerve activity _________ the arteriolar radius. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Decreased sympathetic activity ________ the venous radius. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| increased end-diastolic volume __________ the end-systolic volume. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Increased venous constriction _________ the venous return. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Increased EDV ___________ the force of ventricular contraction, which ___________ ESV, which ___________ SV, which ___________ CO, which _____________ BP. |
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Definition
| Increases, Decreases, Increases, Increases, Increases |
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Term
| Air movement into alveoli requires that alveolar pressure is _____ atmospheric pressure |
|
Definition
| less than; inspiration-air in until = to atom.press. |
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Term
| Air movement out of alveoli requires that alveolar pressure is _____ atmospheric pressure |
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Definition
| Greater than; expiration-air out until = to atmo.press. |
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Term
| When the chest wall expands, the lungs expand, _______ lung volume |
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Definition
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|
Term
| When the chest wall/lungs expand and lung volume increases, consequently, the pressure w/in the lungs ______ |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Chronic obstructive Lung (Pulmonary) Disease |
|
Definition
1)Asthma
2)Chronic bronchitis
3)Emphysema
4)All forms of obstructive lung disease make expiration more difficult than inspiration
5)FEV1-less than 80% |
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|
Term
| Restrictive lung diseases |
|
Definition
| Inspiration capacity is reduced because 1 can't expand lungs; decrease TLC -> decreases VC |
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Term
|
Definition
| The volume of air entering or leaving the lungs in a single breath during quiet breathing (500cc) |
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|
Term
| Inspiratory reserve volume |
|
Definition
| The extra volume of air that can be maximally inspired over and above the tidal volume |
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|
Term
| Expiratory reserve volume |
|
Definition
| The extra volume of air that can be actively expired by contraction of expiratory muscles beyond that normally expired (1000cc) |
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Term
|
Definition
| the minimum volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximal expiration |
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Term
|
Definition
1)Maximum volume of air that the lungs can hold
2)Vital capacity + residual volume |
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Term
|
Definition
1)Maximum volume of air that can be moved in and out during a single breath
2)Inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + expiratory reserve volume |
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Term
|
Definition
| The maximum volume of air that can be inspired at the end of a normal expiration |
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|
Term
| Functional residual capacity |
|
Definition
| Volume of air in the lungs at the end of a normal passive expiration |
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Term
|
Definition
1)Amount of air breathed in and out in one minute
2)Respiratory rate X tidal volume |
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Term
|
Definition
1)Respiratory rate X (tidal volume - dead space volume)
2)Amount of air that is available for exchange of gases w/the blood per minute |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Volume of air that can be expired during the first second of expiration in a vital-capacity determination |
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Term
|
Definition
| Volume of air i the respiratory airways |
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|
Term
| The size of the thoracic cavity when the diaphragm is contracting is ____ the size of the thoracic cavity when the diaphragm is relaxed. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Lung volume before the diaphragm contracts is ___ lung volume after the diaphragm contracts. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Intra-alveolar pressure during inspiration when air is flowing into the lungs is ___ intra-alveolar pressure before the onset of inspiration when no air is flowing. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Intra-alveolar pressure at the end of inspiration is ___ atmospheric pressure |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The number of molecules of air in the lungs at the onset of inspiration is ___ the number of molecules of air in the lungs at the end of inspiration |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Intra-alveolar pressure during expiration when air is flowing out of the lungs is ___ intra-alveolar pressure before the onset of expiration when no air is flowing. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Intra-alveolar pressure at the end of expiration, prior to the onset of inspiration, is ___ atmospheric pressure. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Intrapleural pressure at any point during the respiratory cycle is ___ intra-alveolar pressure |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The number of molecules of air in the lungs at the onset of expiration is ___ the number of molecules of air in the lungs at the end of expiration. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Intra-alveolar pressure upon relaxation of the diaphragm is ___ intra-alveolar pressure upon relaxation of the diaphragm plus contraction of the abdominal muscles |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The size of the thoracic cavity during contraction of the internal intercostal muscles is ___ the size of the thoracic cavity during contraction of the external intercostal muscles |
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Definition
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|
Term
| During quiet breathing, energy expenditure during inspiration is ___ energy expenditure during expiration |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Air flow during passive expiration is ___ air flow during active expiration |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Inrapleural pressure in the presence of pnemonthorax is ___ atmospheric pressure |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The total lung capacity of a person with restrictive lung disease is ___ the total lung capacity of a person with obstructive lung disease. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the residual volume of a person with restrictive lung disease is ___ the residual volume of a person with obstructive lung disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The FEV1/VC% of a person with restrictive lung disease is ___ the FEV1/VC% of a person with obstructive lung disease. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Tubular components of the nephron |
|
Definition
1)Bowman's capsule
2)PCT
3)LH
4)DCT
5)CD |
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