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Exam 3
N/A
117
Physiology
Undergraduate 2
11/28/2012

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Term
EDV
Definition
End Diastolic Volume; volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole
Term
ESV
Definition
End Systolic Volume; volume of blood in the ventricles after systole-after ejection is complete
Term
SV
Definition
Stroke volume; amount of blood pumped out of each ventricle w/each contraction; SV=EDV-ESV
Term
CO
Definition
Cardiac output; volume of blood pumped by each ventricle/min.; CO=HR x SV
Term
Control of HR: Parasympathetic
Definition
Vagus nerve; decrease HR-lengthens drift time; increase PR interval-nodal delay
Term
Control of HR: Sympathetic
Definition
1)increase SA's node rate of depolarization which increases HR 2)reduces AV nodal delay 3)increases force of contraction
Term
Change in SV: variables
Definition
EDV-ESV; increased venous return; increased force of contraction: Frank-Starling Law
Term
Blood-General characteristics
Definition
1)Sticky, opaque fluid w/a metallic taste
2)Acidic (alkaline) pH=7.35-7.45
3)100.4 degrees F
4)5L-5.5L, 8% of total body weight
Term
Blood-Functions
Definition
1)Protection-WBC's
2)Distribution-carries O2, CO2, nutrients, wastes, hormones, temp.
3)Regulation-body's pH, temp., BP
Term
Blood-composition
Definition
1)Plasma
2)Formed elements
Term
Plasma
Definition
55% volume of blood
1)H2O-polar solution
2)Electrolytes
3)Cont. nutrients
4)Waste products
5)Dissolved gases
6)Hormones
7)Plasma proteins
Term
Plasma proteins
Definition
1)Albumins
2)Globulins
3)Fibrinogen
Term
Albumins
Definition
most abundant (60%); osmotic gradient-pulls H2O out of tissue, back into blood
Term
Globulins
Definition
37%; alpha, beta, gamma; Alpha/Beta-amphipatic (trasport nonpolars); Gamma-antibodies, made by lymphocytes
Term
Fibrinogen
Definition
3-4%; always present, but inactive; active-fibren (fibers that produce blood clot)
Term
Erythrocytes
Definition
1)Biconcave discs-increase SA
2)No nucleus
3)Life span of 120 days
4)Removal by the spleen
5)Rate of production-2.5million/sec.
6)Hemoglobin
Term
Hematopoiesis
Definition
process of making reg blood cells
Term
Erythropoietin
Definition
increases blood secretion
Term
Anemia
Definition
insufficient hemoglobin or decrease in RBC's
Term
Types of Anemia
Definition
1)Pernicious
2)Aplastic
3)Hemolytic
Term
Pernicious Anemia
Definition
no vitamin B12
Term
Aplastic Anemia
Definition
red bone marrow doesn't work; destroyed in radiation, cancer, exposure to toxic chem.
Term
Hemolytic
Definition
RBC's blow up; Sickle cell, Malaria
Term
Polycythemia
Definition
too many RBC's
Term
Thrombocytes
Definition
platelets-cell fragments that make clots
Term
3 basic steps to forming a blood clot
Definition
1)Vascular spasm-constricting wall; diameter=smaller
2)Torn-platelets stick and form a platelet plug
3)Fibrinogen-activated to Fibrin
Term
Plasmin
Definition
digest fibrin
Term
Thrombus
Definition
abnormal clot-stationary
Term
Embolus
Definition
moving clot
Term
Hemophilia
Definition
can't make own blood clot
Term
Leukocytes
Definition
WBC's
1)Eosinophils
2)Basophils
3)Neutrophils
4)Monocytes
5)Lymphocytes
Term
Eosinophils
Definition
present in large # when having an allergic reaction; control internal parasitic reaction
Term
Basophils
Definition
produce 2 substances/store them; Histamine and Heprin
Term
Neutrophils
Definition
phagocytosis; first line of defense
Term
Monocytes
Definition
diapedesis-squeeze through pore and into tissue, increase in size, called macrophages-phagocytosis
Term
Lymphocytes
Definition
1)T cells-remember pathogen
2)B cells-antibodies
Term
Veins
Definition
Low resistance passageway for blood; blood reservoir-at rest: 65-70%
Term
Venous return is aided by...
Definition
1)Venous one way valves
2)Skeletal muscle activity
3)Respiratory-thoracic pressure changes
4)SNS stimulation
Term
Atherosclerosis
Definition
A disease of the arteries characterized by the deposition of plaques of fatty material on their inner walls.
Term
Cholesterol
Definition
1)Good cholesterol-high density lipoprotein (HDL); moves from cell -> liver
2)Bad cholesterol-low density lipoprotein (LDL); stays in cells
Term
Role of the lymphatic system
Definition
1)Filtrated plasma
2)Fat into lacteals from digestive tract
3)increase component of immune system lymphocytes
Term
Increase venous return...
Definition
increase EDV/SV
Term
Increase force of contraction
Definition
decreases ESV and increases SV
Term
Capillary system is optimized for diffusion because...
Definition
1)Thin walled, small diameter=short diffusion distance
2)High SA to Volume ratio
3)Low pressure and slow flow rate=plenty of time for exchange to occur
Term
Bulk flow
Definition
passive movement of H2O and solutes across the capillary walls through small pores btw. the endothelial cells that line the vessel
Term
What is the main driving force for Blood flow?
Definition
Pressure difference
Term
What are 3 major factors that influence blood flow resistance?
Definition
1)Increasing length-increases SA which increases resistance
2)Increasing viscosity
3)Radius-double the radius, increase in blood flow
Term
Arterioles serve as the faucets on systems and are able to...
Definition
constrict and dilate
Term
Circular smooth muscle is innervated by the...
Definition
SNS ONLY
Term
Arterioles-Decreased SNS activity....
Definition
Relaxes muscles causing vasodilation
Term
Arterioles-Increased SNS activity
Definition
Contracts muscles causing Vasoconstriction
Term
4 local metabolic changes which promote vasodilation...
Definition
1)Decrease O2
2)Decrease nutrients
3)Increase CO2
4)Increase Waste
Term
Histamines
Definition
mast cells; cause relaxation of muscle in blood vessel wall; promote relaxation and increase blood flow
Term
Local heat and cold application cause...
Definition
Heat=vasodilation
Cold=vasoconstriction
Term
Capillaries
Definition
driving force for filtration; exchange; contain 5% of Blood volume
Term
Pulse Pressure
Definition
reflexion of SV; systolic - diastolic = PP
Term
Mean Arterial Pressure
Definition
Average arterial pressure during Cardiac cycle; Diastolic + PP/3 = MAP
Term
Blood pressure - monitoring system
Definition
Baroreceptors-provide constant information regarding blood pressure
Term
Respiration-3 basic functions
Definition
1)Ventilation
2)Gas exchange
3)O2 utilization-cellular respiration
Term
Respiration-other respiratory functions of the system
Definition
1)Eliminates H2O and Heat
2)Enhances VR
3)Maintains normal pH balance
4)enables vocalization
5)Defends against inhaled foreign materials
6)Modifies some of the materials carried in the blood
7)Enables the sense of smell
Term
Alveoli
Definition
region specialized for gas exchange btw. lungs and blood
Term
Structure of the Alveolus: Type 1 alveolar cells
Definition
simple squamous
Term
Structure of the Alveolus: Type 2 alveolar cells
Definition
cubodial; produce surfactant
Term
Surfactant
Definition
lipoprotein; reduces surface tension throughout the lungs; stabilizes alveoli
Term
Alveolar macrophages
Definition
phagocytosis; clearing the air spaces of infectious, toxic, or allergic particles that have evaded the mechanical defenses of the respiratory tract
Term
Boyle's Law
Definition
As the volume of a gas increases, the pressure exerted by the gas decreases proportionally and conversely.
Term
Functions of the Urinary System
Definition
1)Maintain H2O balance
2)Maintain Ionic balance
3)Reg. plasma volume
4)Reg. pH
5)Reg. osmolarity of body fluids
6)Eliminate waste
7)Excretes foreign compounds
8)Produces renin
9)Produces erythropoietin
10)Activate vitamin D
Term
Nephron
Definition
functional unit of the kidney
Term
Vascular components of the nephron
Definition
1)Blood vessels
2)Afferent arteriole-brings blood into nephron
3)Glomerulus-capillary (filtration)
4)Efferent arteriole-takes blood not filtered
5)Peritubular capillaries-blood capillaries around tubular structures
Term
3 basic processes involved in urine formation
Definition
1)Glomerular filtration of plasma: indiscriminate
2)Tubular reabsorption: highly discriminating
3)Tubular secretion: highly discriminating
Term
Decreased HR _______________ Cardiac output.
Definition
Decreases
Term
Increased stroke volume ______________ cardiac output
Definition
increases
Term
Decreased venous radius _________ the blood flow through the vein.
Definition
increases
Term
Increased skeletal muscle activity __________ venous return.
Definition
Increases
Term
Increased parasympathetic nerve activity _________ the HR.
Definition
decreases
Term
Increased sympathetic nerve activity _________ the arteriolar radius.
Definition
Decreases
Term
Decreased sympathetic activity ________ the venous radius.
Definition
Increases
Term
increased end-diastolic volume __________ the end-systolic volume.
Definition
Decreases
Term
Increased venous constriction _________ the venous return.
Definition
Decreases
Term
Increased EDV ___________ the force of ventricular contraction, which ___________ ESV, which ___________ SV, which ___________ CO, which _____________ BP.
Definition
Increases, Decreases, Increases, Increases, Increases
Term
Air movement into alveoli requires that alveolar pressure is _____ atmospheric pressure
Definition
less than; inspiration-air in until = to atom.press.
Term
Air movement out of alveoli requires that alveolar pressure is _____ atmospheric pressure
Definition
Greater than; expiration-air out until = to atmo.press.
Term
When the chest wall expands, the lungs expand, _______ lung volume
Definition
Increasing
Term
When the chest wall/lungs expand and lung volume increases, consequently, the pressure w/in the lungs ______
Definition
decreases
Term
Chronic obstructive Lung (Pulmonary) Disease
Definition
1)Asthma
2)Chronic bronchitis
3)Emphysema
4)All forms of obstructive lung disease make expiration more difficult than inspiration
5)FEV1-less than 80%
Term
Restrictive lung diseases
Definition
Inspiration capacity is reduced because 1 can't expand lungs; decrease TLC -> decreases VC
Term
Tidal Volume
Definition
The volume of air entering or leaving the lungs in a single breath during quiet breathing (500cc)
Term
Inspiratory reserve volume
Definition
The extra volume of air that can be maximally inspired over and above the tidal volume
Term
Expiratory reserve volume
Definition
The extra volume of air that can be actively expired by contraction of expiratory muscles beyond that normally expired (1000cc)
Term
Residual volume
Definition
the minimum volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximal expiration
Term
Total lung capacity
Definition
1)Maximum volume of air that the lungs can hold
2)Vital capacity + residual volume
Term
Vital capacity
Definition
1)Maximum volume of air that can be moved in and out during a single breath
2)Inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + expiratory reserve volume
Term
Inspiratory capacity
Definition
The maximum volume of air that can be inspired at the end of a normal expiration
Term
Functional residual capacity
Definition
Volume of air in the lungs at the end of a normal passive expiration
Term
Pulmonary ventilation
Definition
1)Amount of air breathed in and out in one minute
2)Respiratory rate X tidal volume
Term
Alveolar ventilation
Definition
1)Respiratory rate X (tidal volume - dead space volume)
2)Amount of air that is available for exchange of gases w/the blood per minute
Term
Respiratory rate
Definition
breaths per minute
Term
FEV1
Definition
Volume of air that can be expired during the first second of expiration in a vital-capacity determination
Term
Atomic dead space volume
Definition
Volume of air i the respiratory airways
Term
The size of the thoracic cavity when the diaphragm is contracting is ____ the size of the thoracic cavity when the diaphragm is relaxed.
Definition
Greater than
Term
Lung volume before the diaphragm contracts is ___ lung volume after the diaphragm contracts.
Definition
less than
Term
Intra-alveolar pressure during inspiration when air is flowing into the lungs is ___ intra-alveolar pressure before the onset of inspiration when no air is flowing.
Definition
less than
Term
Intra-alveolar pressure at the end of inspiration is ___ atmospheric pressure
Definition
equal too
Term
The number of molecules of air in the lungs at the onset of inspiration is ___ the number of molecules of air in the lungs at the end of inspiration
Definition
less than
Term
Intra-alveolar pressure during expiration when air is flowing out of the lungs is ___ intra-alveolar pressure before the onset of expiration when no air is flowing.
Definition
Greater than
Term
Intra-alveolar pressure at the end of expiration, prior to the onset of inspiration, is ___ atmospheric pressure.
Definition
equal too
Term
Intrapleural pressure at any point during the respiratory cycle is ___ intra-alveolar pressure
Definition
less than
Term
The number of molecules of air in the lungs at the onset of expiration is ___ the number of molecules of air in the lungs at the end of expiration.
Definition
Greater than
Term
Intra-alveolar pressure upon relaxation of the diaphragm is ___ intra-alveolar pressure upon relaxation of the diaphragm plus contraction of the abdominal muscles
Definition
less than
Term
The size of the thoracic cavity during contraction of the internal intercostal muscles is ___ the size of the thoracic cavity during contraction of the external intercostal muscles
Definition
less than
Term
During quiet breathing, energy expenditure during inspiration is ___ energy expenditure during expiration
Definition
greater than
Term
Air flow during passive expiration is ___ air flow during active expiration
Definition
less than
Term
Inrapleural pressure in the presence of pnemonthorax is ___ atmospheric pressure
Definition
equal too
Term
The total lung capacity of a person with restrictive lung disease is ___ the total lung capacity of a person with obstructive lung disease.
Definition
less than
Term
the residual volume of a person with restrictive lung disease is ___ the residual volume of a person with obstructive lung disease
Definition
less than
Term
The FEV1/VC% of a person with restrictive lung disease is ___ the FEV1/VC% of a person with obstructive lung disease.
Definition
greater than
Term
Tubular components of the nephron
Definition
1)Bowman's capsule
2)PCT
3)LH
4)DCT
5)CD
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