Term
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Definition
| Study of changes in people from conception until death |
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Term
| Types of Research in Developmental Psychology |
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Definition
Cross-sectional
Longitudinal
Cross-Sequential |
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Term
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Definition
Different groups compared at one time
Disadvantages:
Cohort Effect - the particular impact of a group bonded by time or common life experience |
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Term
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Definition
| Same group compared at different times |
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Term
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Definition
| Subjects of different ages compared a several points in time |
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Term
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Definition
| Science of inherited traits |
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Term
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Definition
| Molecule containing organism's genetic material |
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Term
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Definition
Section of DNA having same arrangement of chemical elements
• Dominant vs. recessive genes |
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Term
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Definition
• One egg, one sperm, egg divides
• Infants will be same sex, have identical features and possess same set of 46 chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
• Two eggs, two sperm
• No more genetically similar than other siblings of same parents |
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Term
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Definition
| Optimal time frame when certain events must take place to facilitate proper development |
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Term
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Definition
Environmental agents that can cause:
• Deviations in normal development
• ---> serious abnormalities (ex. Fetal alcohol syndrome) |
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Term
| Newborns: Reflexes are adaptive |
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Definition
• Nourishment
• Connect with caregivers
• Avoid harm |
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Term
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Definition
• Stepping
• Grasping
• Moro-startle
• Sucking
• Rooting - touch on cheek will turn that direction |
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Term
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Definition
• Raising head (2-4 months)
• Rolling over (2-5 months)
• Sitting up (w/ support 4-6 months, w/o 6-7 months)
• Crawling (7-8 months)
• Walking (8-18 months) |
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Term
| The Four Developmental Domains |
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Definition
Cognitive
Social
Moral
Physical |
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Term
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Definition
| Development of thinking, problem solving, and memory |
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Term
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Definition
| Development of personality, relationships, and a sense of being male or female |
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Term
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Definition
| Development of an understanding of rules distinguishing right from wrong |
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Term
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Definition
| Development of motor skills and primary/secondary sex characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
| Increasing complexity of neural networks |
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Term
| Stages of Languages Development |
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Definition
1. Cooing - 2 months, vowel-like sounds "oo-oo"
2. Babbling - 6 months, consonants are added "baba"
3. One-word speech (holophrases) -12 months
4. Telegraphic speech - 18 months, very short
5. Whole sentences - pre-school, may/not be grammatically correct |
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Term
| Piaget's Stage Theory Concepts |
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Definition
• Studied children, asked problems and analyzed based on how the children approached and solved the problem
• Stage Theory - as a child or person develops, they go and progress through stages
• Must complete stage one to go on to stage two |
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Term
| Piaget's Stage Theory Schema |
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Definition
• Concept of "framework"
• Organizes and interprets information
• Like a Christmas tree, adding ornaments |
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Term
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Definition
| New knowledge --> incorporated into --> existing schemas |
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Term
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Definition
| New knowledge --> produces changes in --> existing schemas |
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Term
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Definition
Stage 1: Sensorimotor
Stage 2: Preoperational
Stage 3: Concrete Operational
Stage 4: Formal Operational |
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Term
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Definition
Birth-2 years
• Children explore using senses
• Object permanence - when children understand that an object that they cannot see still exists
○ Ex. Ball rolls under couch |
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Term
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Definition
2-7 years
• Egocentrism - inability to see things in no other perspective than there own, makes sharing difficult
• Conservation issues - task that people use to test problem solving skills
○ Centration - only focus on one aspect of a problem
○ Irreversibility |
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Term
| Stage 3: Concrete Operational |
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Definition
7-12 years
• Conservation
○ Decentration & reversibility
• Classification
• Concrete logic - must see it to understand |
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Term
| Stage 4: Formal Operational |
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Definition
12 years-adulthood
• Abstractions & analogies
• Hypothesis testing - "what if?" |
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Term
| Cognition: Vygotsky's Zones |
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Definition
1. According to Vygotsky, the novice needs social interaction to improve her skills
2. The innermost circle represents learned tasks
3. 3. Zone of proximal development
a. the difference between what a learner can do without help and what he or she can do with help
4. Scaffolding & social interaction between novice & expert
5. Tasks beyond the novice's current abilities |
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Term
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Definition
| Behavioral characteristics established at birth |
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Term
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Definition
• Easy - don’t get too upset as a baby, adjust fairly easily
• Difficult - don't go to bed easily, don't sleep very long, hard to adjust, takes time
• Slow to warm up - more cautious, not as reactive, not as easy as easy babies |
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Term
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Definition
• Strong emotional connection
• Develops early in life between infants & caregivers |
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Term
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Definition
• Infants separated from caregivers because of bomb raids in England during WWII
• Separation anxiety
• "failure to thrive" - some infants died |
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Term
| Mary Ainsworth (1960s - 1980s) |
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Definition
• "strange situation"
○ Playroom with one way mirror and caregivers and infants inside
○ Stranger enters, often same gender as parent, observe children's behavior
○ Parent leaves the room, observations
○ Mother returns, observations
• Discovered attachment styles |
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Term
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Definition
• Secure attachment
• Insecure attachment |
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Term
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Definition
○ Explore the room when parent is present
○ Somewhat wary, check-in with parent
○ Become upset when parent leaves
○ Soothed upon return |
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Term
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Definition
○ Avoidant
○ Ambivalent
○ Disorganized |
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Term
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Definition
• Wire mothers & cloth mothers
• "contact comfort"
• Nourishment not more important than comfort
• Detrimental effects of isolation |
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Term
| Eric Erikson: Psychosocial Development |
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Definition
• Eight stages
• "crisis" = challenge of that stage
• Resolution: optimal <----> less than |
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Term
| Stages of Psychosocial Development |
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Definition
Stage 1: Trust vs. Mistrust
Stage 2: Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt
Stage 3: Initiative vs. Guilt
Stage 4: Competence vs. Inferiority
Stage 5: Identity vs. Role Confusion
Stage 6: Intimacy vs. Isolation
Stage 7: Generativity vs. Stagnation
Stage 8: Integrity vs. Despair |
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Term
| Stage 1: Trust vs. Mistrust |
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Definition
Birth-1 year
• Learn to trust or not to trust
• Regularity of care, love & affection from caregivers |
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Term
| Stage 2: Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt |
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Definition
1-3 years
• Realize can direct own behavior
• Learn to express will & independence
• Exercise some control & make some choices...or doubt themselves |
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Term
| Stage 3: Initiative vs. Guilt |
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Definition
3-5 years
• Challenged to control behavior
• Begin to initiate activities & complete tasks
• Enjoy own abilities...or feel guilty |
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Term
| Stage 4: Competence vs. Inferiority |
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Definition
5-12 years
• Pride in accomplishments
• ...or feelings of inferiority |
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Term
| Stage 5: Identity vs. Role Confusion |
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Definition
Adolescence
• Develop sense of self
• Form valid identity...or confusion about "who I am" |
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Term
| Stage 6: Intimacy vs. Isolation |
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Definition
Young adulthood
• Develop ability to share with, care for & commit to another person
• ...or feel isolated |
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Term
| Stage 7: Generativity vs. Stagnation |
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Definition
Middle adulthood
• Contribute to next generation
• … or feel lack of purpose
• Focus outward --> generativity |
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Term
| Stage 8: Integrity vs. Despair |
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Definition
Late adulthood
• Life review
• Satisfaction = integrity
• Dissatisfaction = despair |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Perception of one's gender and behavior associated with that gender |
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Term
| Kohlberg: Moral Development |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Ex. Stealing expensive medicine to save a life |
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Term
| Stages of Moral Development: Kohlberg |
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Definition
Preconventional
Conventional
Postconventional |
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Term
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Definition
Consequences determine morality
• Reward = good
• Punishment = bad |
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Term
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Definition
Conforming to society's norms
• Rules/laws |
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Term
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Definition
Morality decided upon by individual
• May conflict with rules and/or accepted norms |
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Term
| Moral Level and Specific Ages |
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Definition
Preconventional --> Conventional --> Postconventional
But goes between depending on situation |
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Term
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Definition
• Limitations of Kohlberg's work
• Gender differences
○ Males: justice
○ Females: compassion & caring |
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Term
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Definition
Begins in early 20s
• Young
• Middle
• Late - Early-late/Middle-late/Late-late |
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Term
| Physical & Psychological Aging |
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Definition
Cellular clock
Wear & Tear
Free radical |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Not built to last forever |
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Term
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Definition
| Metabolism expires (O2) and die, antioxidants fight this? |
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Term
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Definition
Authoritarian
Permissive
Authoritative |
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Term
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Definition
Impose rules and expect obedience
• Low self esteem, poor social skills |
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Term
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Definition
Submit to children's demands
• Aggression |
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Term
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Definition
Demanding but responsive to children
• Higher levels of self esteem
• Autonomous
• Better social skills |
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