Term
| Although ______ cells do not prevent initial T cel activation they inhibit a sustained response and prevent chronic and potentially damaging immunopathology |
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Definition
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|
Term
| As cells go through cycles of mitosis, their ______ get shorter |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Cellular ______ is a state where cells enter a cell cycle of arrest |
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Definition
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Term
| Control mechanisms exist in the body returns the immune system to a resting state when the ________ is no longer present |
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Definition
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|
Term
| CD4+ Treg cells play a vital role in the prevention of _____ diseases |
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Definition
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|
Term
| CD8+ Treg cells can down regulate both _____ cell and _____ cell responses and also control CD4+ responses to superantigen |
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Definition
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Term
| Deficiencies of NK T Cells have been reported in human autoimmune diseases such as: |
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Definition
| Rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, ulcerative colitis |
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Term
| Expression of the anti-apoptoptic molecule _______ makes cells more resistant to cell death |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Two methods on how the central nervous system can modulate immune functions: |
|
Definition
-sympathetic innervation
-direct release |
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|
Term
| How can antibody to a specific antigen increase body's ability to produce more antibody of higher affinity? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| One important control of the immune system is mediated by corticosteroids, endorphins, and enkephalins which are released during stress and are _________ to the immune system |
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Definition
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Term
| One way IgG can suppress the immune response to a particular antigen is to bind to it and make it unavailable to the ________ |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Passive administration of IgG antibody w/ antigen will _____ the immune system |
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Definition
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Term
| Passive administration of IgM antibody together with antigen _______ the immune system |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Specific IgG can inhibit B cell differentiation by cross-linking the antigen receptor with the ________ receptor |
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Definition
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|
Term
| T cells are able to suppress the production of IgE by producing _______ |
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Definition
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|
Term
| T cytotoxic cells are highly specific and will only kill target cells which have the same _________ as those expressed in the thymus in which the T cell matured |
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Definition
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Term
| T or F: genes within the MHC play a fundamental role in influencing the response against infectious agents |
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Definition
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|
Term
| T or F: stressful conditions lead to enhanced immune function |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: The immune response is governed by the MHC and some genes outside the MHC |
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Definition
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|
Term
| T or F: The majority of antigen-specific cells die at the end of an immune response leaving a minor population of T & B cells to survive and give rise to memory population |
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Definition
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|
Term
| T or F: The route of administration of antigen has been shown to influence the immune response |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The interplay between the neuroendocrine system and the immune system is unidirectional |
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Definition
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Term
| T or F: The response of high and low responders to parasitic infection correlates with the amount of antibody they make. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What MHC Class I gene is reduced risk of malaria associated with? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What class are the immune response genes linked to the MHC? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| when an antibody response is induced by antigen, this antibody will in turn invoke an __________ response to itself |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Why wait to vaccinate a child for measles/mumps until after typically a year? |
|
Definition
| Maternal IgG remains high for time after birth |
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Term
| Very large doses of antigen often result in specific T cell and sometimes B cell _______ |
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Definition
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|
Term
| An example of an adjuvant is: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Give an example of an immune privileged site in humans |
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Definition
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|
Term
| T or F: corticosteroids have been shown to inhibit Th1 cytokine production while sparing Th2 responses |
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Definition
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|
Term
| T or F: strains of mice with different MHC haplotypes are about the same in their ability to mount an antibody response to specific antigens |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Th1 cells are associated with cell-mediated inflammatory reactions and Th2 cells are associated with strong antibody and ______ responses |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Certain cytokines and their attendant antibody subclasses are associated with intestinal diseases such as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| different endothelia produce distinctive blends of ______ |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Give a reason why blood-brain barrier helps keep CNS a priveleged site: |
|
Definition
| It shields CNS from immune reactions |
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|
Term
| Hepres simplex virus infects sensory neurons and causes cold sores. Why might a CTL response be inappropriate for controlling such an infection? |
|
Definition
| It could kill a neuron, which cannot be replaced |
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|
Term
| Migration of leukocytes into different tissues of the body is dependent on the ____ _____ in each tissue. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: IELs have alpha beta chains |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: tissue cells can activate their local resident lymphocytes regardless of the specific antigen that is the target of the immune response |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: direct interactions between cells of the tissue can modulate immune responses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: Undamaged neurons will lift the local immunosuppression to allow an immune response to develop |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the local environment do to the function of astrocytes in the CNS? |
|
Definition
| astrocytes are required to induce special properties of brain endothelial cells |
|
|
Term
| What factors limit development of immune reactions in the CNS? |
|
Definition
| low level of leukocyte traffic in CNS, blood-brain barrier, no conventional lymphatic drainage system |
|
|
Term
| what type of immune response is suited to the gut & mucosal surfaces? |
|
Definition
| Production of IgA antibodies |
|
|
Term
| Which are an immunological priveleged site? |
|
Definition
| testes, brain, hamster cheek pouch |
|
|
Term
| An unusual pathological consequence of some virus interactions with weakly _____ ________ is antibody-dependent enhancement of virus infections (ADE) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| virus enters bloodstream and has access to rest of the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| entire viral particle, consisting of capsid + nucleic acid |
|
|
Term
| How does interferon prevent neighboring cells from becoming infected by viruses from infected cells? |
|
Definition
| interferon alpha-beta activates antiviral mechanisms in neighboring cells, enabling them to resist viral infections |
|
|
Term
| list steps involved in viral replication: |
|
Definition
1) virus attachment
2) penetration of cell
3) limitation of host cell function
4) viral chromosomes copied
5) assembly of viruses
6) release of viruses from host cell |
|
|
Term
| T or F: An absence of T cells renders the host highly susceptible to virus attack |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: complement is not considered to be a major factor in the defense against viruses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: generally viruses contain RNA and some DNA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: Prions are virus particles that contain only RNA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: Virtually all cells in the body express MHC Class II molecules making this an important mechanism for identifying and eliminating virus-infected cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: viral infection may provoke autoimmunity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Viruses can sometimes evade destruction by changing their surface antigens by antigenic ________ caused by mutations |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Influenza viruses can make major changes in the surface antigens by antigenic shift caused by ________ |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Some herpesviruses carry Bcl-2 homolog which prevents ________ of infected cells, thereby preserving the life of the infected cell and favoring virus persistence/latency. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| During the latent period, HIV can exist as a ________, integrated within the host's genomic DNA. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which are normally infected by HIV viruses? |
|
Definition
| Th cells, B cells, Erythrocytes, |
|
|
Term
| Which responds first to viral infections? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which responds last to viral infections? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________ are cationic proteins with antibiotic-like properties |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ kill the majority of bacteria following a multistage process of chemotaxis, attachment, uptake, and killing. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does antibody neutralize diphtheria toxin? |
|
Definition
| blocks attachment of binding portion of the molecule to the target cells |
|
|
Term
| Six ways microbes can avoid action of complement: |
|
Definition
-outer capsule
-secrete decoy proteins
-degrade complement w/ enzyme
-can't attach to membrane
-membrane is blocked,
-use of lytic complexes |
|
|
Term
| Most pathogens cause disease by: |
|
Definition
| local invasion together, w/ toxins production |
|
|
Term
| 4 ways a phagocyte can attach to an organism for phagocytosis: |
|
Definition
-lectins exist on organism
-complement
-FC sites
-toll-like receptors |
|
|
Term
| T or F: Cell-mediated immunity is apparently the basis of resistance to mycosis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: Human and murine macrophage are the same with regards to how and what they can kill by phagocytosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: If cytokine release is sudden and massive, several acute tissue-damaging syndromes can result and these are potentially fatal. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The damage associated with the Shwartzman reaction is caused by______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does Limulus assay detect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bacterial component meant to evoke stronger T and B cell mediated responses along with antigen |
|
|
Term
| Which type of bacteria are most susceptible to killing by complement? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is candida infections a common problem with individuals who have AIDS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is recognition of heat shock proteins by T cells thought to be helpful to the immune response? |
|
Definition
| Enhances presentation of antigen via Class I MHC CD8 pathway |
|
|
Term
| Four types of cell walls found on bacteria: |
|
Definition
-gram positive
-gram negative
-mycobacteria
-spirochetes |
|
|
Term
| Example of a bacterial disease that is not caused totally or in part by toxin release by the microbe: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Commensals can limit pathogen invasion through the production of antibacterial proteins termed _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Il-1, TNF, and IL-6 initiate the acute phase response, increasing the production of _____ components |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Give example of a new generation adjuvant |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ is a mammalian iron-binding protein released by neutrophils to sequester iron from pathogens |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Persistent macrophage recruitment and activation can result in _____ formation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Excessive cytokine release can lead to ______ shock |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Four categories of immunologically compromised individuals most likely to get fungal infections? |
|
Definition
-patients with untreated AIDS
-patients with cancer, or undergoing chemotherapy
-transplant patients on immunosuppressants
-patients on long term corticosteroids |
|
|
Term
| T or F: T cell mediated immunity is critical for curing fungal infections |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________ activated by IL-3 and GM-CSF have an enhanced ability to kill schistosome larvae |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Both IgE and eosinophils, the hallmarks of worm infections, are controlled by cytokines secreted by _________ cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define antigenic variation as it relates to parasites: |
|
Definition
| Some parasites are able to change their surface antigens |
|
|
Term
| Eosinophils do little in the way of phagocytosis, but the kill worms that are too large to phagocytized by releasing a toxic substance called _______ onto the surface of the parasite |
|
Definition
| major basic protein (MBP) |
|
|
Term
| Give an example of a protozoan parasitic infection of each of the following locations: gut, blood erythrocytes, macrophages (liver and spleen), and muscle: |
|
Definition
gut: Giardia lamblia
blood erythrocytes: Plasmodium
Liver/spleen: entameba histolytica
muscle: trichinella spiralis |
|
|
Term
| Give two mechanisms by which some parasites resist destruction by complement |
|
Definition
-shedding of surface coating that will activate complement
-has surface coating bearing a glycoprotein that resembles DAF, which limits complement reaction |
|
|
Term
| How can immunosuppression by a parasite benefit both the parasite and the host? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do endothelial cells act as part of the immune system to parasitic infections? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many are killed each year by malaria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In general, cell-mediated responses are more effective against _______ parasites, while antibody is more effective against _________ parasites in blood and tissue fluids. |
|
Definition
intracellular
extracellular |
|
|
Term
| Name some ways parasites suppress the immune system to avoid destruction: |
|
Definition
-tegument thickens
-thicker cuticles |
|
|
Term
| Phagocytosis by ________ is important against the smaller parasites and its effectiveness is markedly enhanced by antibodies and complement C3b |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Regarding parasitic infections, TH1 cells appear at the onset of infection and secrete ______ while TH2 cells prevail later on and help produce __________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: As a general rule, parasites are host specific |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: as a general rule, a person's antibody level to malaria is a good indicator of the individual's level of protective immunity to the disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: Immunosuppression caused by parasites can cause people to become especially susceptible to bacterial and viral infections |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: In some circumstances, secretion of cytokines may harm the host |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: it is the intent of an infecting parasite to kill the host |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: many of the symptoms of malaria such as fever, anemia, diarrhea, and pulmonary changes are most likely caused by the immune system releasing too much TNF |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: neutrophils are an important in controlling and eliminating parasites |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: only IgE antibodies are involved in fighting parasitic infections |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: platelets are not involved in fighting parasitic infections |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: some parasites are able to change their surface antigens during their life cycle to keep one step ahead of specific antibody production by the host |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| t or f: cells are fundamental to the control of parasite multiplication |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: walling off parasites by granuloma formation that cannot be completely eliminated may result in more tissue damage than allowing them to go on |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| TH1 cells are better at dealing with _____ parasites and TH2 cells with ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The most important source of TNF are the ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Recruitment of eosinophils to fight worm infection of the gut is mediated by T cells releasing a specific factor called _______ |
|
Definition
| eosinophil-stimulating promotor (ESP) |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the major obstacles in developing vaccines against parasites? |
|
Definition
-rapid changing antigens
-autoimmunity |
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|
