Term
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Definition
| Biological characteristics one is born with. |
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Term
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Definition
| Learned attitudes & behaviors that characterize men & women. |
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Term
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Definition
| Perception of oneself as neither masculine or feminine. |
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Term
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Definition
| Characteristics, attitudes, feelings, & behaviors that society expects of males & females. |
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Term
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Definition
| Expectations about how people will look, act, think, & feel based on their sex. |
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Term
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Definition
| Attitude or behavior that discriminates against one sex,usually females, based on assumed superiority of the other sex. |
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Term
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Definition
| People's unequal access to wealth, power, status, prestige, & other valued resources because of their sex. |
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Term
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Definition
| Overall income difference between men & women in the workplace. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any unwanted sexual advance, request for sexual favors, or other conduct of a sexual nature that makes a person feel uncomfortable & interferes with his/her work. |
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Term
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Definition
| Awareness of ourselves as male or female and the ways that we express our sexual values, attitudes, feelings, & beliefs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Preference for sexual partners of the same sex, of the opposite, sex, both sexes, or neither sex. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sexually attracted to people of the same sex. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sexually attracted to people of the opposite sex. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sexually attracted to members of both sexes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Those who lack any interest or desire for sex. |
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Term
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Definition
| Those who are transsexuals, intersexuals, or transvestites. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Specifies the formal or informal norms for legitimate or unacceptable sexual activity, which individuals are eligible sexual partners, & boundaries of sexual behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| Belief that heterosexuality is superior to and more natural than homosexuality or bisexuality. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fear & hatred of homosexuality. |
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Term
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Definition
| Graphic images that cause sexual arousal. |
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Term
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Definition
| Group of people who share physical characteristics, (skin color/facial features), that are passed on through reproduction. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Group of people who identify with a common national origin or cultural heritage that includes language, geographic roots, food, customs, traditions, and/or religion. |
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Term
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Definition
| Group of people who have both distinctive physical and cultural characteristics. |
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Term
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Definition
| Formal system of racial segregation. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Any physically or culturally distinctive group that has the most economic & political power, greatest privileges, & highest social status. |
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Term
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Definition
| Group of people who may be subject to differential & unequal treatment due to physical, cultural, or other characteristics, gender, sexual orientation, religion, ethnicity, or skin color. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Systematic effort to kill all members of a particular ethnic, religious, political, racial, or national group. |
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Term
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Definition
| Unequal treatment & subordinate status or groups within a country. |
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Term
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Definition
| Physical & social separation of dominant & minority groups. |
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Term
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Definition
| Process of conforming to the culture of dominant group (language/values) and intermarrying with group. |
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Term
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Definition
| Minority groups retain their culture but have equal social standing in a society. |
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Term
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Definition
| Set of beliefs that one’s own racial group is naturally superior to another. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Attitude (positive or negative) toward people because of group membership. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Oversimplified or exaggerated generalization about a category of people. |
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Term
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Definition
| Belief that one's own culture, society, or group is inherently superior to others. |
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Term
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Definition
| Individuals or groups that people blame for own problems or shortcomings. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any act that treats people unequally or unfairly because of their group membership. |
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Term
| Individual Discrimination |
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Definition
| Harmful action directed intentionally, on a one-to-one basis, by a member of a dominant group against a member of a minority group. |
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Term
| Institutional Discrimination |
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Definition
| Unequal treatment & opportunities that members of minority groups experience as a result of the everyday operations of a societies laws, rules, policies, practices, & customs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Combined & cumulative effects of inequality due to racism & sexism. |
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Term
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Definition
| The more people get to know members of a minority group personally, the less likely they are to be prejudice against that group. |
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Term
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Definition
| Marriage or sexual relations between a man & woman of different races. |
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Term
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Definition
| Formal organization that has the authority to make & enforce laws. |
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Term
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Definition
| Social process through which individuals & groups acquire & exercise power & authority. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ability of a person or group to affect the behavior of others despite resistance or opposition. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Power based on customs that justify the position of the ruler. |
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Term
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Definition
| Power based on exceptional individual abilities & characteristics that inspire devotion, trust & obedience. |
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Term
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Definition
| Power based on belief that laws & appointed or elected political leaders are legitimate. |
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Term
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Definition
| Political system in which ideally, citizens have control over the state & it's actions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Political system in which government controls every aspect of people's lives. |
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Term
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Definition
| Political system in which state controls lives of citizens but generally permits some degree of individual freedom. |
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Term
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Definition
| Political system in which power is allocated solely on basis of heredity & passes from generation to generation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Organization that tries to influence & control government by recruiting, nominating, & electing it's members to public office. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Voluntary & organized association of people that attempts to influence public policy & policy makers on a particular issue. |
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Term
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Definition
| Representative of a special-interest group who tries to influence political decisions on the groups behalf. |
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Term
| Political Action Committee (PAC) |
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Definition
| A special-interest group that raises money to elect a candidate to public office. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Political system in which power is distributed among a variety of competing groups in a society. |
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Term
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Definition
| Small group of influential people who make the nations major political decisions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Social institution that determines how a society produces distributes, & consumes goods & services. |
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Term
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Definition
| Physical or mental activity that accomplishes or produces something, either goods or services. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Economic system in which wealth is in private hands, & is invested & reinvested to make profits. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Domination of a particular market or industry by one person or company. |
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Term
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Definition
| Market domination by a few large producers or suppliers. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Economic & political system based on the principle of the public ownership of the production of goods & services. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Growth & spread of investment, trade, production, communication, & new technology around the world. |
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Term
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Definition
| Social entity that has legal rights, privileges, & liabilities, apart from those of it's members. |
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Term
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Definition
| Giant corporation that owns a collection of companies in different industries. |
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Term
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Definition
| Situation in which the same people serve on the boards of directors of several companies or corporations. |
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Term
| Transnational Corporation |
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Definition
| Large company that is based in one country, but operates across international boundaries. |
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Term
| Transnational Conglomerate |
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Definition
| Corporation that owns a collection of different companies in various industries in a number of countries. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Process of social & economic change due to the reproduction of industrial activity, especially manufacturing. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Sending work or jobs to other countries to cut a company's costs at home. |
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Term
|
Definition
| People who don't expect their jobs to last or who say their jobs are temporary |
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Term
|
Definition
| Firing large numbers of workers at once. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Unemployed people who want a job and have looked for work within last year, but have not in past 4 weeks, because they have given up. |
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Term
|
Definition
| People who have part-time jobs but want full-time work or whose jobs are below their experience and education level. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Social institution that transmits attitudes, knowledge, beliefs, values, norms, & skills to its members through formal, systematic training |
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Term
|
Definition
| Formal training & instruction provided in a classroom setting |
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Term
|
Definition
| Index of an individuals performance on a standardized test relative to performance level of others of the same age |
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Term
|
Definition
| School practices that transmit nonacedemic knowledge, values, attitdes, norms, & beliefs that legitimizze economic inequality & fill unequal work roles |
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Term
|
Definition
| Emphasis on certificates or degrees to show that people have certain skills, educational attainment levels, or job qualifications |
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Term
Tracking
(streaming OR ability grouping) |
|
Definition
| Assigning students to specific educational programs & classes on the basis of test scores, previous grades, or perceived ability |
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Term
|
Definition
| Publicy funded payments that parents can apply toward tuition or fees at a public or private school of their choice |
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Term
|
Definition
| Self-governing public schools that have signed an agreement with thier state government to improve students education |
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Term
|
Definition
| Public school that offers students a distinctive program & specialized curriculum in a particular area, such as business, science, arts, or technology |
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Term
|
Definition
| Teaching children in the home as an alternative to enrolling them in a public or private elementary, middle, or high school |
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Term
|
Definition
| Social institution that involves beliefs, values, & practices based on the supernatural & unites believers into a community |
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Term
|
Definition
| Anything that people see as mysterious, awe-inspiring, extraordinary and powerful, holy, & not part of the natural world |
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Term
|
Definition
| Anything not related to religion |
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Term
|
Definition
| Term sociologists use (instead of profane) to describe worldly rather than spiritual things |
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Term
|
Definition
| Ways that people demonstrate their religious beliefs |
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Term
|
Definition
| Religious group that is devoted to beliefs & practices that are outside of those accepted in mainstream society |
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Term
New Religious Movement
(NRM) |
|
Definition
| Term used instead of cult by most sociologists |
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Term
|
Definition
| Religious leader whom followers see as having exceptional or superhuman powers & qualities |
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Term
|
Definition
| Religious group that has broken away from an established religion |
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Term
|
Definition
| Sub-group within a religion that shares it's name & traditions, generally on good terms w/main group |
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Term
|
Definition
| Large established religious group that has strong ties to mainstream society |
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Term
|
Definition
| Process of removing institutions such as education & government from the dominance or influence of religion |
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Term
|
Definition
| Belief in literal meaning of a sacred text |
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Term
Civil Religion
(Secular Religion) |
|
Definition
| Practices in which citizenship takes on religious aspects |
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Term
|
Definition
| Belief that hard work, diligence, self-denial, rugality, & economic success will lead to salvation in the afterlife |
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Term
|
Definition
| Acceptance of a system of beliefs that prevents people from protesting oppression |
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Term
|
Definition
| Formal & repeated behavior in which the members of a group regularly engage |
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Term
|
Definition
| Transformations of societies & social institutions over time |
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Term
|
Definition
| Spontaneous & unstructured behavior of a large number of people |
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Term
|
Definition
| Unfounded information that people spread quickly |
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Term
|
Definition
| Rumors, often negative, about other peoples personal lives |
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Term
|
Definition
| Type of rumor consisting of stories that suppossedly happened |
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Term
|
Definition
| Collective flight, typically irrational, from a real or perceived dnager |
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Term
|
Definition
| Intense, fearful & anxious reaction to a real or imagined threat by large numbers of people |
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Term
|
Definition
| Standard of appearance that enjoys widespread but temorary acceptance within a society |
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Term
|
Definition
| Form of collective behavior that spreads rapidly & enthusiastically but only lasts a short time |
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Term
|
Definition
| Fad that becomes an all-consuming passion for many people for a short time |
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Term
|
Definition
| Unexpected event that cause widespread damage, destruction, distress, & loss |
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Term
|
Definition
| Collection of people, not necessarily in direct contact w/each other, who are interested in a particular issue |
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Term
|
Definition
| Widespread attitudes on a particular issue |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Presentation of information to influence people's opinions or actions |
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Term
|
Definition
| Temporary gathering of people who share a common interst or participate in a particular event |
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Term
|
Definition
| Highly emotional & disorderly crowd that uses force or violence against a specific target |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Large & organized activity to promote or resist a particulr social change |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gap between what people have and what they think they should have compared with other people in a society |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Social institution that transmits attitudes, knowledge, beliefs, values, norms, & skills to its members through formal, systematic training |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Formal training & instruction provided in a classroom setting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Index of an individuals performance on a standardized test relative to performance level of others of the same age |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| School practices that transmit nonacedemic knowledge, values, attitdes, norms, & beliefs that legitimizze economic inequality & fill unequal work roles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Emphasis on certificates or degrees to show that people have certain skills, educational attainment levels, or job qualifications |
|
|
Term
Tracking
(streaming OR ability grouping) |
|
Definition
| Assigning students to specific educational programs & classes on the basis of test scores, previous grades, or perceived ability |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Publicy funded payments that parents can apply toward tuition or fees at a public or private school of their choice |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Self-governing public schools that have signed an agreement with thier state government to improve students education |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Public school that offers students a distinctive program & specialized curriculum in a particular area, such as business, science, arts, or technology |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Teaching children in the home as an alternative to enrolling them in a public or private elementary, middle, or high school |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Social institution that involves beliefs, values, & practices based on the supernatural & unites believers into a community |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Anything that people see as mysterious, awe-inspiring, extraordinary and powerful, holy, & not part of the natural world |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Anything not related to religion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term sociologists use (instead of profane) to describe worldly rather than spiritual things |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ways that people demonstrate their religious beliefs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Religious group that is devoted to beliefs & practices that are outside of those accepted in mainstream society |
|
|
Term
New Religious Movement
(NRM) |
|
Definition
| Term used instead of cult by most sociologists |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Religious leader whom followers see as having exceptional or superhuman powers & qualities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Religious group that has broken away from an established religion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sub-group within a religion that shares it's name & traditions, generally on good terms w/main group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Large established religious group that has strong ties to mainstream society |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Process of removing institutions such as education & government from the dominance or influence of religion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Belief in literal meaning of a sacred text |
|
|
Term
Civil Religion
(Secular Religion) |
|
Definition
| Practices in which citizenship takes on religious aspects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Belief that hard work, diligence, self-denial, rugality, & economic success will lead to salvation in the afterlife |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Acceptance of a system of beliefs that prevents people from protesting oppression |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Formal & repeated behavior in which the members of a group regularly engage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Transformations of societies & social institutions over time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Spontaneous & unstructured behavior of a large number of people |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Unfounded information that people spread quickly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rumors, often negative, about other peoples personal lives |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Type of rumor consisting of stories that suppossedly happened |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Collective flight, typically irrational, from a real or perceived dnager |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Intense, fearful & anxious reaction to a real or imagined threat by large numbers of people |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Standard of appearance that enjoys widespread but temorary acceptance within a society |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Form of collective behavior that spreads rapidly & enthusiastically but only lasts a short time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fad that becomes an all-consuming passion for many people for a short time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Unexpected event that cause widespread damage, destruction, distress, & loss |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Collection of people, not necessarily in direct contact w/each other, who are interested in a particular issue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Widespread attitudes on a particular issue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Presentation of information to influence people's opinions or actions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Temporary gathering of people who share a common interst or participate in a particular event |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Highly emotional & disorderly crowd that uses force or violence against a specific target |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Large & organized activity to promote or resist a particulr social change |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gap between what people have and what they think they should have compared with other people in a society |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes |
|
|
