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| systems of stratification: Slavery |
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| individuals owned by others |
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| hereditary system of rank usually based on religon |
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| feudalism, peasants work land leased to them in exchange for military protection |
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| social ranking based on economics |
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| upper, upper-middle, lower-middle, working, lower |
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| means of production is held by private hands, profit is the main goal |
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| capitalist class, owns means of production |
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| the need for collective political action to bring change |
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| attitude that does not reflect their objective position |
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| group of people with similar wealth and income |
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| people with the same lifestyle |
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| ability to exercise will over others |
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| interactionist view on stratification |
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| social class shapes our lifestyle |
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| social inequity is necessary so that people will be motivated to fill positions |
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| humans are prone to conflict over wealth, power and status. it causes instability and social change. |
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| set of beliefs and practices that maintains social, economic, and political interests. |
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| 4 things that measuring social class is based on |
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| occupation, education, income, and residence |
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| respect and admiration an occupation holds in society |
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| reputation specific person has earned within an occupation |
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| gender and occupational prestige |
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-Women are classified based on their occupational status rather than her spouse.
-Women typically earn +76 difference than men
-Men typically earn $.75- $1.00 more than women. |
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| Wealth in U.S. much more unevenly distributed |
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| Approximately 1 out of every 9 people in the U.S. lives below poverty line |
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| minimum level of subsistence that no family should live below |
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| floating standard by which people at the bottom of a society are judged as being disadvantaged in comparison to the nation as a whole |
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| The movement of individuals or groups from one position in a society's stratification to another. |
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| Position of each individual influenced bu the person's achieved position |
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| Allows little or no possibility of moving up. |
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| Movement within the same range of prestige |
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| Movement from one position to another of a different rank |
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| intragenerational mobility |
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| Changes in social position within a person's adult life. |
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-education plays a critical role in social mobility
-Represents an important means of intergenerational mobility |
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-class system is more rigid for african americans than for other racial groups.
-The cumulative disadvantage of discrimination plays a significant role in this disparity
-African American middle class grew over the last few decades. |
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| When a foreign power maintains of political, social, economic, and cultural domination over a people for an extended period of time. |
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| Continued dependence on more industrialized nations for managerial and technical expertise by former colonies. |
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| Wallerstein’s World System and Dependency theory |
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Unequal economic and political relationships in which certain industrialized nations and their global corporations dominate the system.
-Dependency Theory: Even as developing countries make economic advances, they remain weak and subservient to core nations and corporations. |
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| the spread of ideas around the world |
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| core, semiperiphery, periphary |
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core-canada, france, germany, japan, UK, US
Semiperiphery- china, india, ireland, mexica, pakistan, panama
periphery- afghanistan, bolivia, chad, dominican republic, egypt, haiti, phillipines, vietnam |
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| functionalist view of globalism |
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Multinational corporations can actually help developing nations
Through international ties, multinational corporations make nations of the world more interdependent |
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| conflict view of globalism |
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| Multinational corporations exploit local workers to maximize profits |
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| group that is set apart from others because of obvious physical differences |
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| group that is set apart from others primarily because of its national origin or distinctive cultural patterns |
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| Groups whose members have significantly less control or power than members of the dominant or majority group |
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| Social Construction of Race |
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| Process whereby people define a group as race in part on physical characteristics and in part on historical, cultural, and economic factors |
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| unreliable generalization about all members of group that does not recognize individual differences within the group |
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| prejudice, ethnocentrism, racism |
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Prejudice: Negative attitude toward an entire category of people, often an ethnic or racial minority
Ethnocentrism: Tendency to assume that one’s culture and way of life are superior to all others
Racism: Belief that one race is supreme and all others are innately inferior |
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| The Privileges of the Dominant |
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In U.S., Whiteness does carry privileges—to a much greater extent than most White people realize
Often overlook the privileges that dominant groups enjoy at the expense of others |
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| Denial of opportunities and equal rights that results from normal operations of a society |
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| Positive efforts to recruit minority members or women for jobs, promotions, and educational opportunities. |
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| funtionalist perspective on race |
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Nash’s functions of racial prejudice for the dominant group include:
Moral Justification for maintaining an unequal society
Discouraging subordinate groups from questioning their status
Encouraging support for the existing order |
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| conflict perspective on race |
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Exploitation Theory: Racism keeps minorities in low-paying jobs and supplies the dominant group with cheap labor
By forcing minorities to accept low wages, capitalists can restrict wages of all workers
Workers from the dominant group wanting higher wages can be replaced by minorities who must accept lower wages |
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| any arbitrary action initiated by an authority based on race, ethnicity, or national origin rather than on a person’s behavior |
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| interactionist perspective on race |
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| Contact Hypothesis: Interracial contact between people of equal status in cooperative circumstances will cause them to become less prejudiced and to abandon old stereotypes |
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| Deliberate, systematic killing of entire people or nation |
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| Forced removal of people from region or country |
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| Happens when majority group and minority group combine to form a new group |
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| Process by which person forsakes his or her own cultural tradition to become part of a different culture |
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| Refers to physical separation of two groups of people in terms of residence |
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| Based on mutual respect among various groups in a society for one another’s cultures. |
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