Blastocyst

a mass of about 100 or so cells.

trophoblast

blastocoel

inner cell mass

: a group of aproximately 30 cells at one end of the blastocoel.

Totipotent

Pluripotent

Multipotent

Unipotent

Adult Stem cells

quiescent

hematopoietic stem cell

  Human Development

Differentiation

Cell Cultures

  Rejection by body

Name the 3 unique characteristics which distinguish stem cells from other specialized cell types in our bodies:

a.      Stem cells are capable of dividing and renewing themselves for long periods

b.      Stem cells are unspecialized

c.       Stem cells can give rise to specialized cells.  

proliferation

The capacity to differentiate:

 Differentiation

The process of an unspecialized cell giving rise to a specialized cell

genes

All organs in our bodies have stem cells

Embryonic stem cells are fertilized eggs taken from a female uterus.

Blastocyst

Which of the above cell layers form the pluripotent stem cells which can become any of our more than 200 different cell types?

Which of the following is an example of a multipotent stem cell? hematopoietic cell, the red blood cell or the inner mass cell?

hematopoietic cell

Which of the following is an example of a unipotent stem cell, the hematopoietic cell, the red blood cell or the inner mass cell?

red blood cell

The specific area in which an adult stem cell is thought to reside

When an adult stem cell from one tissue gives rise to cell types of a completely different tissue, this phenomenon is known as

Please name the  3 areas stem cells may show promise in, in terms of treatment of disease:

a.       Regenerative or Repairative medicine

b.      Human Development

c.       New Drug Testing

Which stem cell type is better equipped to prevent tissue rejection during transplantation, embryonic or adult stem cells?

adult stem cells

1.      Which stem cell type is easier to grow to large numbers in culture, which is necessary for transplantation, embryonic or adult stem cells? 

     Which stem cell type is more able to differentiate into all the various types of cells in our bodies, even those for which we are not able to reproduce into adulthood, like nerve cells, embryonic or adult stem cells? 

Why are mouse skin cells used as feeder cells to grow stem cells in a culture dish in the lab? 

      The process of gently removing and transferring stem cells from one culture dish to another? 

1.      Cells that are clump together in culture begin to differentiate spontaneously. They can form muscle cells, nerve cells, and many other cell types. The clumps are called

1.      Adult cells that have been genetically reprogrammed to an embryonic stem cell–like state by being forced to express genes and factors important for maintaining the defining properties of embryonic stem cells are called 

Regenerative medicine

Can the body, on its own, heal heart tissue once damaged?

1.      How many cells types found in the human body, all produced initially by stem cells?

     Embryonic stem cells are derived from fertilized human eggs.  True or False

1.      Bone marrow stem cells, an adult form of stem cell, has been successful in some studies in developing what kind of body tissue?

    Nose nerve cells or olfactory cells: 

T cell lymphoma

Umbilical cord

1.      In what country are they running human clinical trials to treat severe heart attack victims, using adult stem cells

1.      As the result of a heart attack, heart muscle cells die approximately ____________ after loss of blood supply to the area.  

1.      If you lose approximately ________ percent of heart muscle tissue of the left side, the result is severe congestive heart failure.

1.      When utilizing adult bone marrow stem cells in repairing heart muscle, is it known which cells are the stem cells and which are not?  

1.      Do the bone marrow stem cells A.  produce new heart tissue or B.  do they produce chemicals which enhance blood supply to the area and attract other stem cells to the area?

1.      What clinical term is often used to describe normal heart function, in terms of how much blood is ejected or pumped from the heart?

  Ejection fraction

1.      Process used to create an exact genetic replica of another cell, tissue or organism.

1.      Name a type of natural clone: 

1.      Name the 3 different types of cloning:

a.       Gene cloning

b.      Reproductive cloning

c.       Therapeutic cloning

1.      Which of the above 3 types of cloning, involves the proliferation or increase in number of stem cells used in regenerative medicine?   

1.      Which of the 3 types of cloning involves only the creation of a copy of a section of DNA? 

1.      Which of the 3 types of cloning involves the most controversial cloning procedure, in which testing on humans is against federal law?  

1.      Gene cloning is a necessary step in gene therapy to make many copies of a gene of interest.  What is a common vector for the gene?  

1.      Define plasmid

1.      About how many base pairs can one plasmid carry? 

1.      What are the 3 basic steps to gene cloning? 

a.       Isolation of the gene of interest (using restriction enzymes)

b.      Insertion of the DNA fragment into the vector’s DNA, using same restriction enzymes

c.       Replication of the recombinant DNA within the body of the host organism (natural reproduction)

What does SCNT stand for?  

1.      What is a somatic cell? 

1.      In Reproductive cloning, the somatic cell’s DNA is inserted into what type of cell?

1.      In reproductive cloning, the outcome is an embryo which develops to term in the uterus of an adult female. 

1.      Why is the clone produced in reproductive cloning not identical to the donor animal?  What is different about the DNA? 

1.      What types of mammals have been cloned to date?  

1.      Which of the following would not be risks of reproductive cloning? 

a.       Poor success rates

b.      Increased aging processes

c.       Too many clones being produced per trial

d.      Too few variations in the genetic codes, bottlenecking

c.       Too many clones being produced per trial

1.      The first mammal to have been successfully cloned from an adult cell was Dolly.  Actually, she is the result of

a.       __________ eggs 

b.      __________ embryos

c.       __________ live births

d.      Equals one Dolly

a.       ___(277)___ eggs  

b.      ____(29)___ embryos  

c.       ____(3)___ live births

d.      Equals one Dolly

Telomeres

     How old was Dolly when she died? 

1.      Even though Human cloning is banned and against federal law, from a technical perspective what proteins make it nearly impossible to remove the nucleus from the donor egg and clone a human?

Why clone animals, please give 3 reasons

a.       Drug production, like sheep capable of producing milk containing clotting factors

b.      Drug testing, making genetically identical animals for testing of drugs in a more uniform setting

c.       Consumerism:  cloning animals that produce the most product, like milk or lean meat or are free of disease

1.      Does the FDA allow products derived from cloned animals to be sold in US supermarkets?

1.      Does the FDA require labeling of products that come from cloned animals?

Therapeutic cloning

1.      In this type of cloning, question 40, the embryo would contain the same DNA as the donor cell, an adult somatic cell.  What would be the benefit of this type of cloning?

AIDS:

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, the stage of the disease when the characteristic symptoms appear and CD4 T cell count drops

.   HIV: 

ELISA: 

Opportunistic Infection

1.       What does the body’s immune system produce against viral infections?  What does this product do in the AIDS test?

Antibodies.  They bind to the viral antigen in the ELISA

1.      What is the incubation period for AIDS?  (time between exposure and demonstration of symptoms of AIDS)

1.      What are the characteristic ways that a person can get AIDS?

1.      How can a person avoid AIDS?

1.      Name an opportunistic infection associated with AIDS.

Pneumocystis carinii, thrush, Kaposi’s sarcoma, tuberculosis.

 By 1985, how many case of AIDS had been reported in the US? 

1.      What country does the HIV virus originate from?

1.      Which country has the most reported cases of AIDS as of 1991?  

1.      In 1996, of the 28 million people worldwide that were infected, what percentage was from developing countries?

a.       How many people are living with HIV globally? 

a.       How many are from Sub-Saharan Africa? 

What family of viruses does HIV fall under?  

1.      Define a latency period. 

1.      What type of human cell does the HIV virus enter and use to make copies?   

1.      A sharp drop in this human cell indicates what?  

1.      Since 1985, all blood is tested for HIV before it is accepted for donation.  True or False?

1.      Which of the following solutions are viable sources for the transmission of HIV?  Circle which ones can transmit sufficient quantities of the virus.    

1.      Name some symptoms of the exposure to HIV, second stage illness:  

1.      The ELISA test depends on the infected person’s body producing antibodies against the virus or antigen HIV.  The ELISA test microplates contain simulated antigen or antibody? 

1.      We add antigen or antibody to each well to see if there is a positive reaction? 

1.      What is an enzyme? 

1.      The Conjugate is an antibody that recognizes the presence of other human antibodies. 

1.      What does the Chromogen react to? 

1.      How accurate is the ELISA and Western BLOT test combination in determining whether or not a person is positive for HIV?