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| Three Basic Characteristics of Sound |
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| Frequency, Intensity, Velocity |
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| the perception of objects and events through the sounds that they make |
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| vibrations of air molecules that stimulate the auditory system |
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| amount of energy in the stimulus (loud of faint sounds) |
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depends on what medium the sound is traveling through, velocity is greater in a denser medium (wood)
in air, sound travels at 750 mph |
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| exist only in laboratories and sound studios |
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| in real life sound is always associated with complex patterns of vibrations and can be broken down mathematically using fourier analysis |
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| mathematical process for breaking down pure sounds into their complex patterns of vibrations and different frequencies. the pitch is related to the fundamental frequency |
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| the highest frequency of which the various component frequencies of a sound are multiples |
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| the pitch of a complex sound is not always directly related to the exact frequencies of the sound's components |
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| small bones in the middle of the ear |
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| a long coiled tube with an internal membrane running almost to the tip |
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| the internal membrane of the cochlea is the auditory receptor organ and is composed of two membranes, basilar and tectorial |
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| a branch of cranial nerve VIII |
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| on both sides of the brain stem recieve projections from when the auditory nerve axons synapse in the ipsilateral cochlear nuclei |
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| the axons of the olivary neurons project via the lateral lemnisucus to the inferior colliculi and synapse |
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| the synapse at the inferior colliculi then project to the medial geniculate nuclei which in turn project to the primary auditory cortex |
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| respond to slight differences in th time of arrival of signals to the two ears |
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| respond to slight differences in the amplitude of sounds from the two ears |
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| damage to cochlea or auditory nerve (loss of hair cell receptors) |
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