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Exam 3
Ch 3
60
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
11/15/2010

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Zygote
Definition
(conception to 2 weeks) the fertilized egg; it enters a 2 week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo
Term
3 stages of parental development
Definition
Zygote
Embryo
Fetus
Term
Embryo
Definition
(2 weeks through 8 weeks) The developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month.
Term
Fetus
Definition
(9 weeks to birth) the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth.
Term
Teratogen
Definition
agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm
Term
symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome
Definition
small, mis-proportioned head and lifelong brain abnormalities.
Term
benefits of breastfeeding for moms
Definition
weight loss, lower pain (Soreness), lower cost(formula), lower risk of osteoporosis, lower risk of cancer.
Term
benefits of breast feeding for child
Definition
Attachment, higher brain development, tend to be leaner, fewer allergies, higher immunity.
Term
reflexes infants are born with
Definition
rooting, sucking, startle, babinski, grasp, stepping
Term
rooting reflex
Definition
A newborn infant will turn his head toward anything that strokes his cheek or mouth, searching for the object by moving his head
Term
sucking reflex
Definition
the child to instinctively suck at anything that touches the roof of their mouth and suddenly starts to suck simulating the way they naturally eat.
Term
startle reflex
Definition
It is likely to occur if the infant's head suddenly shifts position, the temperature changes abruptly, or they are startled by a sudden noise. The legs and head extend while the arms jerk up and out with the palms up and thumbs flexed.
Term
Babinski reflex
Definition
touch foot of babie, toes spread and feet curl back
Term
grasp reflex
Definition
When an object is placed in the infant's hand and strokes their palm, the fingers will close and they will grasp it
Term
stepping reflex
Definition
when the soles of their feet touch a flat surface they will attempt to 'walk' by placing one foot in front of the other
Term
what type of objects or drawings do infants prefer
Definition
prefer human faces, black and white objects, and exaggerated faces.
Term
at what distance do infants prefer to look at objects
Definition
8 inches away
Term
when do babies typically say their first word
Definition
4-12 months
Term
production language
Definition
putting ideas into words (comes second)
Term
comprehension language
Definition
understanding what others say (comes first)
Term
do infants show a difference in temperament
Definition
Yes easy/difficult
Term
qualities of a easy baby
Definition
mellow
Term
qualities of a difficult baby
Definition
reactive, intense
Term
do identical twins have more similar temperaments than fraternal twins or brothers an sisters?
Definition
yes
Term
is temperament influenced by biology/heredity
Definition
temperament has a large genetic component.
Term
do non-twin siblings resemble one another in terms of personality?
Definition
not often, most have different personalities.
Term
what did Jean Piaget study?
Definition
cognitive development.
Term
what is the order of Piaget's stages of cognitive development.
Definition
Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Concrete operational
Formal operational
Term
Sensorimotor stage
Definition
experiencing the world through senses and actions(looking, hearign touching, mouthing, and grasping) birth-2 yrs.
Term
Preoperational stage
Definition
representing things with words and images; using intuitive rather than logical reasoning. (2--6-7yrs)
Term
Concrete operational stage
Definition
Thinking logically about concrete events;grasping concrete analogies and performing arithmetical operations.(7-11yrs)
Term
Formal operational stage
Definition
reasoning abstractly (12-adulthood)
Term
what new developments occur during the sensorimotor stage
Definition
object permanence, stranger anxiety
Term
what new developments occur during the preoperational stage
Definition
pretend play, egocentrism
Term
what new developments occur during the concrete operational stage
Definition
conservation, mathematical transformations
Term
what new developments occur during the formal operational stage
Definition
abstract logic, potential for mature moral reasoning.
Term
conservation
Definition
the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in forms of objects) Milk glass exp.
Term
egocentrism
Definition
in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view. (bike crash site)
Term
stranger anxiety
Definition
the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age peaking at 12 months of age.
Term
describe teh basic findings of harry harlow's research
Definition
monkeys prefered soothing touch over others
Term
does the mother-infant emotional bond result primarily from mothers providing nourishment or contact comfort
Definition
contact comfort
Term
Characteristics of infants who are security attached, what parental behavior leads to this?
Definition
in their mothers presence, they play comfortably, happily exploring their new environment. when she leaves, they become upset. when she returns, they seek contact with her. (sensitive, responsive mothers.
Term
Characteristics of infants who are insecurely attached, what parental behavior leads to this?
Definition
show anxiety or avoidance of trusting relationships, less likely to explore their surroundings. they may even cling to their mother. when she leaves, some cry loudly and remain upset. others seem not to notice or care about her departure adn returen. insensitive, unresponsive mothers.
Term
describe the effects of deprivation of attachment.
Definition
withdrwawn, frightened, even speechless.
Term
do children abandoned in orphanages at infancy have lasting emotional scars
Definition
more than 8 months institutionalized bore lasting emotional scars
Term
what happened to Harlow's monkeys who were raised in total isolation.
Definition
when placed with other monkeys their age, they either cowered in fright or lashed out in aggression. when they reached sexual maturity, most were incapable of mating. females that had babies were often neglectful, abusive, even murderous toward them.
Term
What percent of those who are abused go onto abuse their own children?
Definition
30%. four times the U.S. national rate of child abuse.
Term
prolonged and severe childhood sexual abuse places children at increased risk of developing what types of problems?
Definition
health problems, psychological disorders, substance abuse, and criminality.
Term
three types of parenting styles
Definition
authoritarian, permissive, and authoritative.
Term
authoritarian parents
Definition
impose rules; expects obedience
Term
permissive indulgent parents
Definition
warm, but undemanding. to much
Term
permissive indifferent
Definition
neglectful. to little
Term
authoritative
Definition
sets rules, but is also responsive and nurturing. just right
Term
do parents have a strong influence on their childrens' personality?
Definition
no
Term
what qualities of their children can parents influence?
Definition
voting, political views, likes dislikes, weather etc.
Term
Howard Gardner's quote regarding the differences between parent and peer influences in children/adolescents. (Parents)
Definition
Parents are more important when it comes to eductaion, discipline, responsibility, orderliness, charitableness, and ways of interacting with authority figures.
Term
Howard Gardner's quote regarding the differences between parent and peer influences in children/adolescents. (peers)
Definition
peers are more important for learning cooperation, for finding the road to popularity, for inventing styles of interaction among people of the same age.
Term
when does adolescence begin and end
Definition
begins with puberty around 13 in boys and 11 in girls ends in 20's
Term
does research support the notion of the "empty nest syndrome"
Definition
no
Term
does marital satisfaction tend to decrease after the birth of a couple's first baby?
Definition
yes
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