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| The middle portion of the brain, containing such structures as the tectum, superior colliculus, and inferior colliculus; midbrain structures serve as neural relay stations and may help coordinated reactions to sensory events. |
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| A primitive part of the brain that sits at the juncture point where the brain and spinal cord merge. Structures in the hindbrain, including the medula, pons, and reticular formation, act as the basic life-support system for the body |
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| The outer protion of the brain, including the cerebral cortex and the structures of the limbic system. |
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| The portion of the brain immediately below the cerebral cortex. |
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| The outer layer of the brain, considered to be the seat of higher mental processes. |
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| Part of hindbrain, associated with the control of heart rate, breathing, and certain reflexes. |
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| Part of hindbrain, associated with the control of heart rate, breathing, and certain reflexes. |
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| A hindbrain structure at the base of the brain that is involved in the coordination of complex motor skills. |
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| Part of hindbrain, control of arousal, sleep, and some movement of the head. |
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| Part of midbrain, (components are superior colliculus and inferior colliculus): relay stations for visual and auditory information. *physical orientation of head |
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| Part of midbrain, group of neurons that release the neurotransmitter dopamine. *movement |
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| A kind of master gland in the body that controls the release of hormones in response to signals from the hypothalamus. |
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| Sleep/wake regulation. -puberty begining, (removal = puberty begins) |
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| Preliminary sensory processing (all but smell. Relay station in forebrain. |
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| A forebrain structure thought to play a role in the regulation of various motivational activities, including eating, drinking, and sexual behavior. (Includes SCN) |
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| A system of structures thought to be involved in motivational and emotional behaviors (the amygdala) and memory (the hippocampus). |
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| Emotion and emotional memory |
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| Formation of memories, particularly our memory memory of specific personal events. (retrieval) |
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| Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN) |
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Definition
| In pineal gland, management of circadian rhythms.(daily cycle) |
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| The outer layer of the brain, including the cerebral cortex and the structures of the limbic system. |
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| Largest; planning + decision making, memory, personality -executive control processes. (Back) voluntary motion. |
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| Top, middle: physical sensation. |
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| Bottom, middle: language reception- |
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| Broca's & Wernicke's areas |
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| Broca's: (frontal) left only, language production Wernicke's: (temporal) left only, language reception. |
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| Mirros behavior of the other as though the observer were itself acting. perception |
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(motor) The area of the cerebral cortex where impulses from the nerve centers to the muscles originate.
(sensory) The somatic sensory, auditory, visual, and olfactory regions of the cerebral cortex considered as a group. |
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| The collection of nerve fibers that connects the two cerebral hemispheres and allows information to pass from one side to another. |
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| left/right specialization |
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Definition
Right: spatial tasks, emotional processing
Left: verbal tasks, reading, writing, |
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| Right: trouble with spatial tasks, trouble recognizing vocal emotional expressions. |
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| (no corpus callosum) can funtion normally since both sides receive info. |
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| Destroying portions of the brain. |
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| electroenecphalograph: a device used to monitor the gross electrical activity of the brain. |
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| Computerized tomography scan: the use of highly focused beams of x-rays to construct detailed anatomical maps of the living brain. |
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| positron emission tomography: method for measuring how radioactive substances are absorbed in the brain; it can be used to detect how specific tasks activate different areas of the living brain. |
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Definition
| magnetic resonance imaging: A device that uses magnetic fields and radio-wave pulses to construct detailed, three-dimensional images of the brain; "functional" MRIs can be used to map changes in blood oxygen use as a function of task activity. |
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| Birth with hindbrain only |
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| Peripheral nervous system |
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| nerves that connect CNS to other parts of the body |
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| (LSD, Ectasy, PCP) disruption of perception and emotional regulation: LSD mimics serotonin which regulates arousal = anxiety |
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Term
| sensory, motor and inter-neurons |
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Definition
sensory: cells that connect w/ the external environment and send message inward (input)
motor: (output) neurons that carry messages from the CNS to the muscles to create response
inter: neurons that relay messages w/in the system |
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| Neurotransmitters (main functions and roles) |
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Definition
| chemicals/hormones that move across synapse in order to bind to receptors and stimulate next neuron |
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| general excitation (arousal sleep/wake) |
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agonist: enhance/ mimic neurotransmitters( re-uptake inhibitors: send back to receptor)
antagonists: block neurotransmitter (may bind w. neurotransmitter or receptor) |
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| adaptation made by the body to compensate for continued use of a drug |
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dependency: condition in which the individual experiences a physical and or psychological craving for substance
withdrawl: physical reactions that occur when an individual stops using a substance they depend on |
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| a neurotransmitter that plays multiple roles in central and peripheral nervous systems, including the excitation of muscle contractions |
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| a neurotransmitter that often leads to inhibitory effects; decreased levels linked to parkinsons disease and increased linked to schizophrenia |
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| neurotransmitter that has been linked to sleep, dreaming, and general arousal and may also be involved in some psychological disorders such as depression and schizophrenia |
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| gamma-amino-butyric-acid: a neurotransmitter that may play a role in the regulation of anxiety; it generally produces inhibitory effects. |
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| Morphinelike chemicals that act as the brain's normal painkillers |
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| (alcohol)enhance GABA performance. enhances effectiveness of dopamine. lethal effects on medulla and pons. |
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Definition
| temporary improvements in physical or mental functions. wakefullness |
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| dulls senses, unrealistic feeling of contentment. |
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| a set of psychological events including 1) physiological reaction (arousal) 2) some kind of expressive reaction 3) some kind of subjective experience or reaction. |
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| Emotion: common sense explanation |
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Definition
| subjective experience --> physio response |
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| facial feedback hypothesis |
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Definition
| idea that muscles in face deliver messages to brain that are interpreted as subjective emotional experience |
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| James-Lange theory(1890s) |
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| bodily rxns precede subjective emotional experience |
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| cannon-bard theory(1920s) |
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| bodily rxns and subjective experience occur simultaneously |
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| Schacter and signers two factor theory(1960s) |
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| the individuals cognitive appraisal of physiological arousal leads to subjective experience |
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| standard which psychological judgments and emotions are linked to comparisons "relative" |
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| Ekaman: happy, surprise, fear, sadness, anger, disgust w/ contempt |
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| simple & complex emotions |
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Definition
complex: involve physiological response, expressive reaction, subjective experience
simple: facial expression basic aka anger etc |
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| area of psychology used to make meaningful interpretation of sensory input |
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| absolute and difference thresholds |
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Definition
absolute: minimum level of intensity necessary for conscious awareness of stimulus
difference: smallest detectable difference between 2 stimuli |
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| tendency of sensory systems to filter out constant stimuli |
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| the process through which the eys adjust to dim light |
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| the elementary building blocks of a sensory experience |
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| processes used to make meaningful interpretation of sensory input |
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| the central pit area in the retina where the cone receptors are located |
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Definition
rods: light.dark
cones: color red green blue |
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| physical processes of changing the shape of the lens to focus |
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| the small part of the electromagnetic spectrum visble to human visual system 400-700 |
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Definition
| process by which external inputs are converted into neural messages |
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| pathways from cornea to occipital lobe |
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Definition
| visual field-> cornea - pupil- lens- vitreous humor- optic nerve- optic chiasm- visual cortex |
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| visual field and reversals |
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Definition
right visual -left visual cortex
left visual - right visual cortex
left/right eyes have both visual fields |
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| point where optic nerve ends and info travels to separate hemispheres |
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| major relay station of visual signals (lateral geniculate nucleus) |
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| 10% of other signals detour into midbrain |
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| back of brain visual messages from LGN |
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| a complex disorder of attention characterized by a tendency to ignore things that appear on one side of the body (usually left) |
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| the system that produces and stores visual sensory memories |
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| Visual perception (1940s) |
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| processes used to make meaningful interpretation of sensory input |
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| processing controlled by physical message delivered to the senses |
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| processing that is controlled/influenced by our own beliefs and expectations about the world |
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| portion of retina that causes higher order neurons to fire (receptors-ganglion cells- higher order neurons) |
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| cells in visual cortex that respond to very specific visual input |
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| inability to recognize known faces |
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| proximity: things close together grouped as the same object, similarity; items that share physical properties are placed in the same set, closure: gaps closed to make a whole, good continuation: crossed lines seen as continuous , common fate: things moving in same direction grouped together. |
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| Beiderman's component of recognition |
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Definition
| idea that we intuitively recognize a limited # of "basic" shapes and use these shapes to understand more complex figures. geons: geometric forms from degraded objects |
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| dimension of light that produces color (wavelength) |
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| color (perceived) is a function of mix of neurons/ wavelengths activated |
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| red/green, blue/yellow or completely |
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| 3 pairs red+green blue+yellow black+white |
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| combination of bottom-up and top-down processing . experience makes it clearer |
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| depict depth. lines that converge toward a single point. |
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| cues for depth that require cues from only one eye |
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| dues for depth that depend on comparisons between the two eyes. (each eye has different angle and thus different perspective) |
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| binocular cue for depth that is based on location differences between the images in each eye |
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| a binocular cue for depth that is based on the extent to which the two eyes move inward, or converge, when looking at an object |
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| (monocular) comparably sized stimuli that produce different-sized retinal images are perceived as varying distances from the observer |
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| (monocular) closer objects tend to block the images of objects farther away |
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| (monocular) shadows cast by objects on other objects assist in depth perception |
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Definition
| an illusion of movement that occurs when stationary lights are flashed in succession |
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Definition
| perceiving the properties of an object to remain the same even though the physical properties of the sensory message are changing |
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| inappropriate interpretations of physical reality. perceptual illusions often occur as a result of the brain's using otherwise adaptive organizing principles |
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stress: peoples physical and psychological responses to demanding or threatening situations.
Stressors: demanding or threatening situation that produces stress |
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| general adaptation syndrome (3 phases) |
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Definition
(Hans Selye 1930s-1970s) stress as a general nonspecific reaction in 3 phases.
1) alarm phase (increased, HR, BP, respiration, blood to muscles. decreased blood to digestive tract.
2) resistance phase: resist end of alarm, function reasonably well, increased vulnerability to other stressors, secondary infections
3) exhaustion phase: no longer able ot continue resisting, exhaust resources, body gives up, increased risk of harm or death |
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Definition
| The idea that to feel stress you need to perceive a threat and come to the conclusion that you may not have adequate resources to deal with the threat. |
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| emotions related to stress |
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Definition
fear and anger most common responses
-sadness, dejection, grief
-highly variable |
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Definition
| brith, divorce, death, marriage, etc |
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| stress from environment ex. noise, crowding, etc. |
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| daily irritations and hassles, such as getting stuck in traffic. |
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| A state of physical, emotional, and mental exhaustion created by long term involvement in an emotionally demanding situation. |
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Definition
| post traumatic stress disorder: stress based anxiety disorder, flashbacks, avoidance of stimuli associated with event, chronic arousal symptom (sleep, anger, irritability, and concentration problems) |
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| efforts to manage or master conditions of threat or demand that tax one's resources |
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Definition
| meditation, exercise, social support |
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| specific physiological feedback people are given about the effectiveness of their relaxation efforts |
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Definition
| the resources we receive from other people or groups, often in the form of comfort, caring, or help |
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Definition
| to feel stress you need to perceive a threat and come to the conclusion that you may not have adequate resources to deal with the threat |
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Definition
| tendency to form particular types of attributions (internal, external) |
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Definition
| The amount of influence you feel you have over a situation and your reaction to it. |
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| those who feel they generally have control over the events in their environment, show less of a stress |
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Definition
A: an enduring pattern of behavior linked to stress-related health disorders; it is characterized by being hard driving, ambitious, easily annoyed, and impatient.
B: people who lack type A traits- they put themselves under less pressure and appear more relaxed. |
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