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Definition
| A group of factors that drive and direct behaviors |
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Term
| Drive Reduction Explanation |
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Definition
| The notion that we are motivated to satisfy drives and thereby reduce tension |
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Definition
| A relative stable state or level. Often an equilibrium between two extemes |
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Definition
| The notion that we are motivated to behave in ways that will maintain an optimal level of arousal |
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Definition
| The notion that we are motivated by a desire to achieve pleasure or attain goals |
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Definition
| A psychologist who suggested that motives (needs) could be organized in a hierarchy |
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Definition
| A way of organizing needs (motives) from physiological, which must be satisfied first, through self-fulfillment, which can be satisfied when other needs are met |
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Definition
| The process by which the cells in the body produce and use energy |
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Definition
| The source of energy that cells use in metabolism |
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Definition
| A measure of energy; specifically, the amount of energy required to increase one gram of water by one degree centigrade |
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Definition
| Cells that are used to store glucose |
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Definition
| A substance that is released when fat cells are full and which signals the brain to reduce appetite |
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Definition
| the notion that there is a genetically determined size of the fat cells which determines appetite and weight |
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Definition
| A body mass index score of 30 or above, but this is only a rough index |
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Definition
| An anti-obesity drug that works primarily because it stimulates metabolism |
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Definition
| A neurotransmitter, low levels of which can increase appetite |
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Term
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Definition
| An anti-obesity drug that works primarily because it increases levels of serotonin |
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Term
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Definition
| The feeling of being full or satisfied after eating which leads individuals to stop eating |
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Term
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Definition
| a slang term for the combination of the anti-obesity drugs phentermine and fenfluramine |
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Term
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Definition
| An eating disorder in which the major symptom is a refusal to maintain body weight at an appropriate level so it drops to atleast 15% below the normal weight for the individual |
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Term
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Definition
| An eating disorder in which the major symptoms are binges in which the individual consumes huge amounts of food in a short period and purges such as self-induced vomiting or misuse of laxatives to eliminate the excessive food that was consumed in the binge |
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Term
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Definition
| A structure in the brain that is stimulated by sex-related stimuli and which then secretes the releasing hormone which begins the sexual response |
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Term
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Definition
| A hormone that is secreted by the hypothalamus when it receives sex-related stimulation. The hormone then stimulates the pituitary gland to release the gonadotropins |
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Term
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Definition
| A gland in the brain which when stimulated by the releasing hormone secretes gonadotropins |
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Term
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Definition
| Substances released by the pituitary gland which then stimulate the gonads to release their hormones and result in the sexual response |
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Term
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Definition
| The male hormone that is released primarily by the testes when they are stimulated by the gonadotropins |
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Term
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Definition
| The female hormone that is released primarily by the ovaries when they are stimulated by the gonadotropins |
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Term
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Definition
| A small structure located just above the vaginal opening. It is analogous to the male's penis and swells during sexual arousal |
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Term
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Definition
| Sexual disorders that involve the absence or failure of the sexual response |
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Term
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Definition
| A sexual disorder in which the individual lacks sexual desire |
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Term
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Definition
| A sexual disorder in which the individual is unable to achieve or maintain an adequate level of sexual arousal |
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Term
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Definition
| A sexual disorder in which the individual does not achieve orgasm (usually females) or reaches orgasm too soon (usually males) |
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Term
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Definition
| Reaching orgasm too soon (primarily found in men) |
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Term
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Definition
| A treatment for premature orgasm in men |
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Term
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Definition
| Sexual disorders that involve deviant means of achieving sexual arousal: exhibitionism, fetishism, transvestic fetishism.. |
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Term
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Definition
| Achieving sexual arousal by suffocation, often by hanging onself |
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Term
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Definition
| A treatment for paraphilias in which a deviant sexual response is replaced with an aversive response |
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Term
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Definition
| A drug used to treat paraphilias by inhibiting the release of the hormones that lead to sexual arousal |
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Term
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Definition
| Laws that permit an individual to be confined in prison for an indeterminate length of time if it is believed that the individual will commit another sexual crime |
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Term
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Definition
| A sexual disorder in which the individual feels more like a member of the opposite sex and is uncomfortable with his or her own sex |
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Term
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Definition
| Surgical procedures used to construct a penis or vagina so that an individuals physical sex matches their gender indentity |
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Definition
| The need to overcome obstacles, master things, and do things well |
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Term
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Definition
| An alternative explanation for need for achievement |
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Term
| resultant achievement motivation |
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Definition
| The sum of achievement motivation and fear of failure |
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Term
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Definition
| The notion that some individuals do not work to achieve because they are concerned that success will have negative consequences, such as loss of friends |
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Term
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Definition
| The combination of thoughts and feelings |
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Term
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Definition
| a structure in the limbic system that increases arousal related to emotions, particularly fear, rage, and aggression |
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Term
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Definition
| The thin layer of neurons that covers the frontal loves of the brain. Important for the integration of emotions and behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
| Increases the physiological responses such as heart rate and respiration. Responses are not under voluntary control |
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Term
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Definition
| the branch of the nervous system that is responsible for automatic activities such as increases and decreases in arousal. The sympathetic branch of this system is responsible for increasing arousal |
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Term
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Definition
| A lie detection procedure in which individuals are asked multiple-choice questions to which only guilty persons would know the answers |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to be aware of and experience the emotion of another individual |
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Term
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Definition
| A component of love that involves emotional closeness |
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Term
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Definition
| A component of love that involves romantic and sexual arousal |
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Term
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Definition
| A component of love that involves the decision that an individual loves another person and the commitment to maintain the relationship |
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Term
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Definition
| A mistake in labeling physiological arousal. An explanation for passion |
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Term
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Definition
| The pairing of a neutral stimulus with sexual arousal so that later the stimulus will elicit sexual arousal |
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Term
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Definition
| An explanation for "love at first sight" |
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Definition
| the emotion that occurs when a problem taxes us beyond our normal limits |
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Term
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Definition
| Something that leads to the stress response |
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Term
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Definition
| Cognitive strategies such as denial and displacement that are used to reduce the symptoms of stress |
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Term
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Definition
| A defense mechanism in which the individual redefines the stressor so as to make it less stressful |
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Term
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Definition
| A defense mechanism in which the individual expresses and emotion toward and individual or object rather than the individual or object that generated the emotion |
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Term
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Definition
| A defense mechanism in which the individual intentionally does not think about a stressor |
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Term
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Definition
| A defense mechanism in which an individual supposedly sends the memory of a stressor to the unconscious |
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Term
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Definition
| Prolonged exercise, such as running for at least 20 minutes, that increases heart rate |
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Term
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Definition
| A procedure in which individuals are given immediate feedback about changes in a physiological response such as muscle tension so they can learn to control the response |
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Term
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Definition
| A hormone released during stress that can increase energy but also interfere with memory and prolong the stress response |
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Term
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Definition
| A structure in the brain responsible for memory and to some extent reducing the stress response. Its effects can be interfered with by cortisol |
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Term
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Definition
| The notion that our minds (what we think and feel) operate independently of our bodies. Generally rejected today. |
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Term
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Definition
| Physical disorders that are due to psychological causes |
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Term
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Definition
| Heart, blood vessels, and lungs. Used to transport blood to cells |
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Term
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Definition
| The buildup of cholesterol in the arteries so blood flow is reduced |
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Term
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Definition
| The technical term for the buildup of fats and cholesterol in the arteries |
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Term
| myocardial infarction (heart attack) |
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Definition
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Term
| cerebral infraction (stroke) |
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Definition
| Death of neurons in the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| A behavior pattern characterized by competitiveness, time urgency, and hostility |
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Term
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Definition
| The level of pressure that occurs after each heart beat |
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Term
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Definition
| The level of pressure that occurs after blood has been distributed throughout the system and before the next heart beat |
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Term
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Definition
| Sensors in the arteries that monitor blood pressure and which can be reset if pressure is consistently high, thereby leading to hypertension |
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Term
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Definition
| High blood pressure, usually systolic pressure over 140 mm Hg and/or diastolic pressure over 90 mm Hg |
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Term
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Definition
| A brief burst of exercise, such as lifting a heavy weight |
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Term
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Definition
| Disease-causing agents. Commonly called germs |
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Term
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Definition
| Cells that identify and destroy antigens. Commonly called white blood cells |
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Term
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Definition
| The system that governs the production of leukocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome |
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Term
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Definition
| The degree to which you can produce leukocytes and therefore are able to fight infection |
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Term
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Definition
| A specialty in which psychologists study relationships between behavior and health, develop programs to enhance health, and develop treatment programs to change illness-related behavior |
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Term
| fundamental attribution error |
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Definition
| The tendency to use personality factors than situational factors to explain the behavior of others |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency to use situational factors to explain your behavior and use personality factors to explain the behavior of others |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency to use situational factors to explain your poor behavior as a means of preserving your self-esteem |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency in some cultures in which modesty is valued to explain your successes in terms of situational factors |
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Term
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Definition
| An assumption or theory used to organize information and fill in unknown information about people |
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Term
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Definition
| The fact that an individual's expectations about how another person will behave will influence how the individual behaves toward that person, which in turn influences how the person behaves |
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Term
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Definition
| A prejudgment about another person based on a schema |
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Term
| reward-attraction explanation |
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Definition
| The notion that we are attracted to other people because they provide us with rewards |
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Term
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Definition
| The finding that simply seeing another person frequently will increase attraction to that person |
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Term
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Definition
| The fact that an individual will be rated as more attractive if he or she is with other attractive people |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency to perceive attractive people are more intelligent, poised, exciting, independent and better adjusted |
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Term
| social exchange explanation |
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Definition
| The notion that we help others because we think that the reward for helping will be greater than the cost of helping to us |
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Term
| negative relief state explanation |
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Definition
| The notion that we help others to reduce our own negative emotional state that resulted from seeing the other persons in pain or anguish |
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Term
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Definition
| The characteristic that leads people to help others without regard to self-benefit and strictly out of goodness |
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Term
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Definition
| The fact that people are less likely to help another person if other individuals are present who could help |
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Term
| diffusion of responsibility |
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Definition
| An explanation for the bystander effect which suggests that we are less likely to help when others are present because we share responsibility with the others and therefore feel less responsible |
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Term
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Definition
| A positive or negative evaluation of some object or idea |
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Term
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Definition
| the strategy for changing attitudes that relies on information for changing the attitudes |
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Term
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Definition
| The strategy for changing attitudes that relies on emotions for changing attitudes |
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Term
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Definition
| The state of discomfort that occurs when there is a conflict between a person's attitude and behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| Changing our views and/or behaviors so that they are consistent with those of the people around us |
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Term
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Definition
| Conformity that stems from the information that others provide about what to do in a situation |
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Term
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Definition
| Conformity that results from an attempt to fit in with those around you even if you prefer other behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
| Behaving in a way that is consistent with a specific request from another person |
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Term
| door in the face approach |
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Definition
| A strategy for increasing compliance in which an individual first makes an extreme request but then follows that with a more moderate request |
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Term
| foot in the door approach |
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Definition
| A strategy for increasing compliance in which an individual first gets a person to agree to a small request and then follows that request with a larger one |
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Term
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Definition
| A strategy for increasing compliance in which an individual first gets a person to agree to a small request and then follows that request with a larger one |
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Term
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Definition
| The following of a direct order from another person |
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Term
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Definition
| Behavior that is designed to inflict harm or injury |
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Term
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Definition
| A psychological explanation for aggression |
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Term
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Definition
| The male hormone, high levels of which can lead to aggression |
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Term
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Definition
| Drugs that contain high levels of testosterone and which can lead to aggression. |
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Term
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Definition
| A neurotransmitter that can inhibit aggression and consequently low levels can lead to aggression |
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