Term
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Definition
| needs, wants, interests, and desires that propel people in certain directions |
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Term
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Definition
| involves goal-directed behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| internal stimuli push people in certain directions |
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Term
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Definition
| a state of physiological equilibrium or stability 98.6°F-body temp, body wants to restore equilibrium |
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Term
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Definition
| a hypothetical, internal state of tension that motivates an organism to engage in activities that should reduce this tension ex: hunger motive,motivation to pursue actions that will lead to drive reduction, cannot explain all motivation, may exist w/o drive arousal |
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Term
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Definition
| external stimuli pull people in certain directions, external stimuli regulate motivational states |
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Term
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Definition
| an external goal that has the capacity to motivate behavior, some reduce drives, others do not, don't operate according to principle of homeostasis, emphasize environmental factors and downplay biological bases |
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Term
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Definition
| motives of humans & other species are the products of evolution, evolutionary analysis of motivation are based on the premise that motives can best be understood in terms of the adaptive problems they have solved over the course of history |
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Term
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Definition
| originate in bodily needs (10-15 such needs) |
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Term
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Definition
| originate in social experiences, vary among people |
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Term
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Definition
| often accompany hunger but don't cause it |
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Term
| lateral hypothalamus & ventromedial nucleus |
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Definition
| in the hypothalamus are elements in the neural activity that regulates hunger |
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Term
| paraventricular nucleus (PVN) |
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Definition
| plays a role in the modulation of hunger |
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Term
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Definition
| contains a convergence of interacting systems that regulate eating by monitoring a diverse array of physiological processes |
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Term
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Definition
| a simple sugar that is an important source of energy, a decrease in this-increase in hunger, an increase in this-feel full |
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Term
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Definition
| neurons sensitive to glucose in the surrounding fluid |
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Term
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Definition
| nerve from the stomach to the brain that indicates when the stomach is full |
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Term
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Definition
| go from the stomach to the brain and carry satiety messages that depend on how rich in nutrients the contents of the stomach are |
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Term
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Definition
| a hormone secreted by the pancreas, must be present for cells to extract glucose from the blood |
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Term
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Definition
| caused by an inadequate supply of insulin, many are unable to use the glucose in their blood unless they are given insulin injections |
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Term
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Definition
| play a role in the modulation of hunger |
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Term
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Definition
| a hormone that is produced by fat cells throughout the body and released into the bloodstream, it circulates through the bloodstream and provides the hypothalamus w/ info about the body's fat stores, high levels of this -the propensity of hunger diminishes |
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Term
| 3 environmental factors in the regulation of hunger |
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Definition
| 1. the availability and palatability of food, 2.learned preferences and habits 3. stress |
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Term
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Definition
| the better food tastes, the more people consume |
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Term
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Definition
| people tend to consume what is put in front of them, the more ppl are served, the more they eat |
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Term
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Definition
| humans and animals increase their consumption when there is a greater variety of food available |
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Term
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Definition
| explains why people are especially likely to overeat at buffets |
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Term
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Definition
| preference for sweet taste is present at birth, preference for high-fat foods appears partly genetic |
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Term
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Definition
| partly learned associations formed thru classical conditioning, are a matter of exposure,geographical,cultural,religious,and ethnic factors limit people's exposure, repeated exposure usually lead to increased liking, also shaped by observational learning |
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Term
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Definition
| stress leads to increased eating, stress induced eating especially common in chronic dieters, negative emotions involved w/ stress promote additional eating, eating does not usually lead to lasting mood changes |
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Term
| sexual response cycle (Masters & Johnson) |
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Definition
| excitement phase,plateau phase,orgasm,resolution phase |
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Term
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Definition
| level of physical arousal usually escalates rapidly, muscle tension, heart rate, & blood pressure increase |
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Term
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Definition
| during excitement phase, engorgement of blood vessels-produces penile erection & swollen testes in males, lead to swelling & hardening of the clitoris, expansion of the vaginal lips and vaginal lubrication in females |
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Term
|
Definition
| physiological arousal usually continues to build but at a much slower pace, when foreplay is lengthy, it's normal for arousal to fluctuate in both sexes |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when sexual arousal reaches it's peak intensity and is discharged in a series of muscular contractions that pulsate through the pelvic area, subjective experience for men and women, women more likely to experience multiple,women more likely to not experience one at all |
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Term
|
Definition
| the physiological changes produced by sexual arousal gradually subside |
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Term
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Definition
| a time following orgasm during which males are largely unresponsive to further stimulation, the length varies from a few minutes to a few hours and increase w/ age |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to what each sex has to invest, in terms of time, energy, survival risk, and forgone opportunities, to produce and nurture offspring |
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Term
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Definition
| required to invest little in the production of offspring beyond the act of copulation, so their reproductive potential is maximized by mating as w/ as many females as possible, show more interest in sexual activity, more desire for variety in sexual partners and more willingness to engage in uncommitted sex |
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Term
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Definition
| invest a lot of time, so they maximize their reproductive potential by being selective in mating, thought to be the conservative, discriminating sex, seek partners who have the greatest ability to contribute towards feeding and caring for offspring |
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Term
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Definition
| females w/ good reproductive potential, sexually faithful & effective in nurturing children, look for youthfulness & attractiveness |
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Term
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Definition
| males who could provide material resources, protect his family, dependable & willing to invest his resources in his family, emphasis in intelligence, ambition, education, income & social status |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to a persons preference for emotional and sexual relationships w/ individuals of the same sex, opposite sex, or either sex |
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Term
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Definition
| seek emotional-sexual relationships with members of the other sex (straight) |
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Term
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Definition
| seek emotional-sexual relationships with members of either sex |
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Term
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Definition
| seek emotional-sexual relationships with members of the same sex (gay, lesbians) 5-8% of population |
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Term
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Definition
| not all or none, 7 point scale |
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Term
| freudian theory of homosexuality |
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Definition
| a man is likely to become gay when raised by a weak, detached, ineffectual role model who is a poor heterosexual role model & by and overprotective overly attach mother with whom the boy identifies with |
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Term
| behavioral theory of homosexuality |
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Definition
| homosexuality is a learned preference acquired when same-sex stimuli have been paired w/ sexual arousal, perhaps thru chance seductions w/ adult homosexuals |
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Term
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Definition
| genetic predisposition, may be due to organizing effects of prenatal hormones on neurological development, environment still prob plays a small role |
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Term
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Definition
| the need to master difficult challenges, to outperform others, and to meet high standards of excellence (desire to excel) |
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Term
| Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) |
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Definition
| a projective test, a test that requires subjects to respond to vague, ambiguous stimuli in ways that may reveal personal motives and traits |
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Term
| situational determinants of achievement behavior |
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Definition
| motivation to achieve,probability of success, incentive value |
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Term
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Definition
| involves 1. a subjective conscious experience (the cognitive component) 2. bodily arousal(the physiological component) 3. characteristic overt expressions (the behavioral component) |
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Term
| cognitive component of emotion |
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Definition
| can't switch emotions on and off, involve automatic reactions that are difficult to regulate, emotions or either unpleasant,pleasant or mixed,less positive emotions than negative ones |
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Term
| physiological component of emotion |
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Definition
| emotions are accompanied by physical arousal,hormones play a crucial role in emotional responses, limbic system |
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Term
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Definition
| regulates the activity of glands, smooth muscles, an blood vessels |
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Term
| polygraph or lie detector |
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Definition
| a device that records autonomic fluctuations while a subject is questioned |
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Term
| galvanic skin response (GSR) |
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Definition
| an increase in electrical conductivity of the skin that occurs when sweat glands increase their activity |
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Term
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Definition
| hypothalamus, amygdala and adjacent structures, long been viewed as the seat of emotions in the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| plays a particularly central role in the acquisition of conditioned fears, it processes info quickly if it detects a threat it instantly triggers activity in the hypothalamus that leads to autonomic arousal and hormonal responses-extremely fast-difference between life and death |
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Term
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Definition
| known for its role in planning and executive control, appears to contribute to efforts to voluntary control of emotional reactions, also seems to modulate emotions associated with the pursuit of goals |
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Term
| mesolimbic dopamine pathway |
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Definition
| plays a major role in the experience of pleasurable emotions associated with rewarding events (ex. cocaine & other abused drugs) |
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Term
| behavioral component of emotions |
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Definition
| emotions expressed in body language or nonverbal behaviors, people are reasonably skilled at identifying emotions from other's facial expressions |
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Term
| facial feedback hypothesis |
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Definition
| facial muscles send signals to the brain and these signals help the brain recognize the emotion that one is experiencing |
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Term
| cross-cultural similarities in the emotional experience |
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Definition
| people can identify 6 main facial expressions, the cognitive appraisals that lead to emotions and the physiological arousal that accompanies the emotional experience |
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Term
| cross-cultural differences in emotional experience |
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Definition
| how cultures catagorize emotions, no words for sadness,depression,anxiety and remorse, display rules, non verbal expressions |
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Term
|
Definition
| are norms that regulate the appropriate expression of emotions (vary from one culture to another) |
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Term
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Definition
| the conscious experience of emotion results from one's perception of autonomic arousal, emphasizes the physiological determinants of emotion, different patterns or autonomic arousal lead to the experience of diff emotions |
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Term
|
Definition
| different emotions are accompanied by different patterns of autonomic activation |
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Term
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Definition
| emotion occurs when the thalamus sends signals simultaneously to the cortex and to the autonomic nervous system |
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Term
| Schacter's Two-factor theory |
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Definition
| people look at situational cues to differentiate between emotions, emotion depends on 2 factors -autonomic arousal & cognitive interpretation of that arousal, when you experience physiological arousal you search your environment for an explanation |
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Term
| Evolutionary Theories of Emotion (Darwin) |
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Definition
| emotions developed b/c of their adaptive value, consider emotions to be largely innate reactions to certain stimuli, believe emotion evolved b4 thought so it only requires a small amount of thought, emotions in subcortical brain structures, people exhibit 8-10 primary emotions |
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Term
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Definition
| individuals personal perceptions of their overall happiness & life satisfaction |
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Term
| factors that do not predict happiness |
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Definition
| money, age, parenthood, intelligence, attractiveness |
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Term
| moderately good predictors of happiness |
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Definition
| health, social activity, religion |
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Term
| strong predictors of happiness |
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Definition
| love & marriage, work, personality |
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Term
|
Definition
| occurs when the mental scale that people use to judge the pleasantness/unpleasantness of their experiences shifts so that their neutral point, or baseline for comparison changes |
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Term
|
Definition
| consists of one or more premises that are used to provide support for a conclusion |
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Term
|
Definition
| the reasons that are presented to persuade someone that a conclusion is true or probably true |
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Term
|
Definition
| are premises for which no proof or evidence is offered |
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Term
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Definition
| reasons that take support away from the conclusion |
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Term
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Definition
| the sequence of age-related changes that occur as a person progresses from conception to death |
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Term
|
Definition
| a one celled organism formed by the union of a sperm & egg |
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Term
|
Definition
| the functional unites in hereditary transmission, carry details of your hereditary blueprints |
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Term
|
Definition
| extends from conception to birth, usually encompassing nine months of pregnancy |
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Term
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Definition
| the first phase of the prenatal development, encompassing the first 2 weeks after conceptions |
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Term
|
Definition
| a structure that allows oxygen and nutrients to pass into the fetus from the mother's bloodstream and bodily wastes to pass out the mother (begins to form in the germinal stage) |
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Term
|
Definition
| is the second stage of prenatal development, lasting from 2 weeks until the end of the 2nd month, most of the vital organs and bodily systems begin to form,period of great vulnerability, most miscarriages during this period, most major structural birth defects occur during this period |
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Term
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Definition
| the third stage of prenatal development, lasting from 2 months through birth, baby now called a fetus, first 2 months of this stage-rapid body growth, muscles & bones begin to form, b/c capable of movements organs continue to grow, final 3 months-brain cells multiply at a brisk pace, a layer of fat deposited under skin, respiratory system and digestive system mature |
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Term
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Definition
| the age at which a baby can survive in event of premature birth |
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Term
|
Definition
| increases the risk of birth complications and neurological deficits for the newborn, been linked to vulnerability to schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders |
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Term
| mother's consumption of drugs |
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Definition
| all recreational, some prescription and OTC are harmful, tobacco causes increased risk of miscarriage, still birth & other birth complications, increase child's risk of SIDS, slower than normal cognitive development and ADD |
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Term
| mother's alcohol consumption |
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Definition
| hazardous to fetus, fetal alcohol syndrome,deficits in IQ, reaction time, motor skills, attention span, increased impulsive, antisocial & delinquent behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| a collection of congenital(inborn) problems associated w/ excessive alcohol used during pregnancy including: small head, heart defects, irritability, hyperactivity, retarded mental & motor development |
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Term
|
Definition
| refers to the progression of muscular coordination required for physical activity |
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Term
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Definition
| the head-to-foot direction of motor development-children tend to gain control of their upper body first |
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Term
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Definition
is the center-outward direction of motor development
children gain control over their torso before extremities |
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Term
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Definition
| is development that reflects the gradual unfolding of one's genetic blueprint |
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Term
|
Definition
| indicate the typical(median) age at which individuals display various behaviors & abilities |
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Term
| cultural variations in motor development |
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Definition
| environmental factors can accelerate or slow early motor skills |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the close, emotional bonds of affection that develop between infants and their caregivers, happens at 6-8 months |
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Term
|
Definition
| emotional distress seen in many infants when they are separated from people with whom they have formed an attachment, typically peaks at 14-18months |
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Term
| Harry Harlow Theory of attachment |
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Definition
| monkies became attached to cloth mother- "comfort contact", also 1 yr in isolation resulted in major disturbances |
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Term
| John Bowlby theory of attachment |
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Definition
| infants are biologically programmed to emit behavior that triggers an affectionate, protective response from adults & adults are programmed to respond to this behavior w/ love, warmth and protection |
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Term
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Definition
| (67%) child plays & explores comfortably when mother present, visibly upset when she leaves, calmed when she returns |
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Term
| anxious-ambivalent attachment |
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Definition
| (12%) appears anxious when mother near, protest excessively when she leaves, but not particularly comforted when she returns |
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Term
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Definition
| (21%) seek little contact with their mothers & often are not distressed when she leaves |
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Term
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Definition
| a developmental period during which characteristic patterns of behavior are exhibited and certain capacities become established |
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Term
|
Definition
| Trust vs Mistrust, Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt, Initiative vs Guilt, Industry vs. Inferiority, Identity vs Confusion, Intimacy vs Isolation, Generativity vs Self-Absorption, Integrity vs Despair |
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Term
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Definition
| 1st year of life, if a child's basic biological needs are met & sound attachments formed it should become optimisitic, trusting attitude toward the earth |
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Term
| autonomy vs shame & doubt |
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Definition
| 2-3 yrs old, during potty training, child must begin to take some responsibility for feeding, dressing and bathing, if all goes well-acquires sense of self-sufficiency |
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Term
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Definition
| 3-6yrs old, challenge facing child is to function socially w/in their families, learn to get along-gain sense of self-confidence |
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Term
|
Definition
| 6-puberty, learning to function socially extended beyond family, if successful-should develop sense of competence |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to transitions in youngsters patterns of thinking, including reasoning, remembering & problem solving |
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Term
|
Definition
| Sensorimotor Period, Preoperational Period, Concrete Operational Period, Formal Operational Period |
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Term
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Definition
| birth-age 2, gradual appearance of symbolic thought, object permanence |
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Term
|
Definition
| develops when a child recognizes that objects continue to exist even when they are no longer visible-master this at 18 mons |
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Term
|
Definition
| 2-7, gradually improve their use of mental images & progress in symbolic though continues, conservation occurs |
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Term
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Definition
| the awareness that physical quantities remain constant in spite of changes to their shape or appearance- inability to understand this is due to centration, irreversibility,& egocentrism |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency to focus on just one feature of a problem neglecting other important aspects |
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Term
|
Definition
| in thinking is characterized by limited ability to share another's viewpoint |
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Term
|
Definition
| the inability to envision reversing an action |
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Term
|
Definition
| the belief that all things are living |
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Term
| Concrete Operational Period |
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Definition
| 7-11, children can perform operations only on images of tangible objects and actual events, children master reversibility, decentration,& hierarchical classification |
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Term
| hierarchical classification |
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Definition
| problems that require them to focus simultaneously on 2 levels of classification |
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Term
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Definition
| 11-?, begin to apply their application to abstract concepts, think about hypothetical possibilities, reach adult modes of thinking, become more systematic in problem-solving |
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Term
| Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory |
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Definition
| places enormous emphasis on how the child's cognitive development is fueled by social interactions with parents, teachers and older children who can provide invaluable guidance, culture exerts great influence over how cognitive growth unfolds, language acquisition plays a crucial role in foster cognitive development, children use private speech to plan their strategies, regulate their actions and accomplish their goals |
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Term
| innate cognitive abilities |
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Definition
| infants understand basic properties of objects & some rules that govern them, 3-4 month olds understand objects are distinct entities w/ boundaries, infants can seem to be able to add and subtract small #'s |
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Term
|
Definition
| simply assert that humans are prewired to readily understand certain concepts w/o making any assumptions about why humans are prewired in these ways |
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Term
|
Definition
| agree w/ navists but are interested in why |
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Term
|
Definition
| involves the ability to distinguish right from wrong and behave accordingly |
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Term
|
Definition
| focuses on moral reasoning rather than overt behavior, Preconventional level, conventional level, postconventional level |
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Term
|
Definition
| younger children who think in terms of external authority, acts are wrong b/c they are punished or right b/c they lead to positive consequences |
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Term
|
Definition
| older children who see rules as necessary for maintaining social order, accept these rules as their own, internalize rules to be virtuous & win approval from others, rules are followed as absolute guidelines |
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Term
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Definition
| adolescents and adults who work out a personal code of ethics, acceptance or rules is less rigid, allow for the possibility that someone might not comply w/ society's rules if they conflict w/ personal ethics |
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Term
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Definition
| phase of rapid growth in height & weight brought on by hormonal changes, starts at 10 for girls and 12 for boys, might be caused by rising levels of leptin |
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Term
| secondary sex characteristics |
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Definition
| physical features that distinguish one sex from the other but are not essential for reproduction, males-voice change, facial hair, skeletal & muscle growth, broader shoulders, females-breast growth, widening of pelvic bones, wider hips |
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Term
|
Definition
| the stage during which sexual functions reach maturity, which marks the beginning of adolescence |
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Term
| primary sex characteristics |
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Definition
the structures necessary for reproduction develop fully males-testes, penis & related internal structures
females-ovaries vagina, uterus and other internal structures |
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Term
|
Definition
| the first occurence of menstruation typically age 12-13 & continue to mature sexually til age 16 |
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Term
|
Definition
| the first occurence of ejaculation typically age 13-14, continue to mature sexually until age 18 |
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Term
|
Definition
| associated with greater use of drugs and alcohol, more high risk behavior & more trouble w/ the law |
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Term
|
Definition
| struggle to form a clear sense of identity, involves working out a stable concept of oneself as a unique being & embracing an ideology or system of value that provides a sense of direction |
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Term
| Marcia's Four Identity Statuses |
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Definition
| Identity diffusion, identity foreclosure, identity moratorium, identity achievement |
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Term
|
Definition
| a state of rudderless apathy, absence of struggle for identity w/ no obvious concern about it |
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Term
|
Definition
| a premature commitment to visions, values and roles-typically those prescribed by one's parents, unquestioning adoption of parental or societal values |
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Term
|
Definition
| involves delaying commitment for a while to experiment w/ alternative ideologies and careers, active struggling for sense of identity |
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Term
|
Definition
| involves arriving at a sense of self after some consideration of alternative possibilities |
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Term
|
Definition
| a difficult, turbulent period of doubts and reappraisal of one's life, the fable of this is not typical |
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Term
|
Definition
| successful resolution of challenges in this stage should promote empathy and openness |
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Term
| generativity vs self-absorption |
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Definition
| in middle adulthood, key challenge is to acquire a genuine concern for the welfare of future generations, including providing unselfish guidance to younger people |
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Term
|
Definition
| during retirement years, challenge is to avoid the tendency to dwell on the mistakes of the past and one's imminent death |
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Term
|
Definition
| transition more difficult when spouses have different expectations about marital roles, careers becoming more demanding of women yet men r still expecting the tradition marital role of women, more couples are struggling to decide whether to have children |
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Term
|
Definition
| transition tends to have more impact on the mothers, 10% new moms experience depression, lower marital satisfaction in parents, more kids=less marital satisfaction, need realistic expectations of parental responsibilities, conflicts w/ adolescents have more adverse effects on parents than children |
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Term
|
Definition
| most parents adjust effectively & tend to have more problems if their child returns |
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Term
|
Definition
| ending in menstrual periods, accompanied by a losee of fertility, typically around age 50 |
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Term
|
Definition
| an abnormal condition marked by multiple cognitive deficits that include memory impairment-caused by Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntinton's and AIDS |
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Term
|
Definition
| refers to the biologically based catagories of male and female |
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Term
|
Definition
| refers to culturally constructed distinctions between femininity and masculinity |
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Term
|
Definition
| are widely held beliefs about females and males abilities, personality traits, and social behavior |
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Term
|
Definition
| actual disparities between the sexes in typical behavior or average ability, females-better verbal skills, more sensitive to nonverbal cues, males-math ability, visual-spatial ability, physically aggressive, more sexually active |
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|
Term
| sources of gender role socialization |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| are fathers essential to children's well being |
|
Definition
| father only promote normal healthy development |
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Term
|
Definition
| refers to an individuals unique collection of consistent behavioral traits |
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Term
|
Definition
| a durable disposition to behave a particular way in a variety of situations |
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Term
|
Definition
| correlations among many variables are analyzed to identify closely related clusters of variables |
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|
Term
| Five Factor Model of Personality Traits |
|
Definition
| Extraversion, Neuroticism, Openness to experience, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness |
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Term
|
Definition
| include all the diverse theories descended from the work of Sigmund Freud that focus on unconscious mental forces |
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|
Term
| Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory |
|
Definition
| attempts to explain personality, motivation and psychological disorders by focusing on the influence of childhood experiences, on unconscious motives and conflicts, and on methods of people use to cope w/ their sexual and aggressive urges, individuals are not masters of their own minds, people are not masters of their own destinies |
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Term
|
Definition
| the primitive, instinctive component of personality that operates according to the pleasure principle |
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Term
|
Definition
| demands immediate gratification of its urges |
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Term
|
Definition
| the decision making component of personality that operates according to the reality principle, mediates between the id and the external social world |
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Term
|
Definition
| seeks to delay the gratification of the id's urges until appropriate outlets and situations can be found-secondary-process thinking |
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Term
|
Definition
| is the moral component of personality that incorporates social standards about what represents right & wrong, develops at 3-5yrs old, give feelings of guilt |
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Term
|
Definition
| preconscious, conscious, unconscious |
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Term
|
Definition
| consists of whatever one is aware of at a particular point in time |
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Term
|
Definition
| contains material just beneath the surface of awareness that can easily be retrieved |
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Term
|
Definition
| contains thoughts, memories and desires that are well below the surface of conscious awareness but that nonetheless exert great influence on behavior |
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Term
|
Definition
| are largely unconscious reactions that protect a person from unpleasant emotions such as anxiety and guilt |
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Term
|
Definition
| creating false but plausible excuses to justify unacceptable behavior |
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Term
|
Definition
| keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious |
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Term
|
Definition
| is attributing one's own thoughts, feelings or motives to another |
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Term
|
Definition
| is diverting emotional feelings (usually anger) from their original source to a substitute target |
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Term
|
Definition
| is behaving in a way that's exactly the opposite of one's true feelings |
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Term
|
Definition
| a reversion to immature patterns of behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| boistering self-esteem by forming an imaginary or real alliance with some person or group |
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Term
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Definition
| developmental periods with a characteristic sexual focus that leave their mark on adult personality |
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Term
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Definition
| involves a failure to move forward from one stage to another as expected-caused by excessive gratification or excessive frustration |
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Term
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Definition
| 1st year of life, main source of erotic stimulation is the mouth, fixation at this stage lead to obsessive eating or smoking or nail biting |
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Definition
| 2nd yr of life, get erotic pleasure from their bowel movements(expulsion or retentions)-genital anxiety derived from severe toilet training could evolve into anxiety about sexual activities later in life |
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Term
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Definition
| 3-5yrs old, the genitals become the focus of the child's erotic energy, largely thru self-stimulation, oedipal complex occurs |
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Term
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Definition
| children manifest erotically tinged desires for their opposite sex parent, accompanied by feelings of hostility toward their same sex parent |
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Definition
| 5-puberty, sexuality becomes latent & child centers on expanding social contacts beyond intermediate family |
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Term
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Definition
| puberty, sexual urges reappear & focus on the genitals once again, sexual energy is channeled towards peers |
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Term
| Jung's Analytical Psychology |
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Definition
| personal unconscious & collective unconsious |
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Term
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Definition
| essentially Freud's unconscious, houses matter taht is not w/in one's conscious awareness, b/c it has been repressed or forgotten |
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Term
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Definition
| a storehouse of latent memory traces inherited from people's ancestral past, each person shares the collective unconscious w/ the entire human race it contains "whole spiritual heritage of mankind's evolution" born anew in the brain structure of every individual |
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Term
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Definition
| are emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning |
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Term
| Adler's Individual Psychology |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a universal drive to adapt, improve oneself, and master life's challenges-is the prime goal of life |
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Term
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Definition
| involves efforts to overcome imagined or real inferiorities by developing one's abilities |
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Term
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Definition
| exaggerated feelings of weakness & inadequacy-caused by parental pampering or neglect |
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Term
| problems w/ psychodynamics |
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Definition
| poor testability, inadequate evidence, sexism |
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Term
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Definition
| a theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| a collection of response tendencies that are tied to various stimulus situations |
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Term
| Skinner's Ideas applied to personality |
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Definition
| behavior is fully determined by environmental stimuli, ppl show consistent patterns of behavior b/c they have some stable response tendencies acquired thru experience |
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Term
| Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory |
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Definition
| personality is largely shaped through observational learning |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when an organisms responding is influenced by the obserservation of others |
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Term
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Definition
| a person whose behavior is observed by another |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to one's beliefs about one's ability to perform behaviors that should lead to expected outcomes |
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Term
| Mischel and the Person-Situation Controversy |
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Definition
| people make responses that they think will lead to reinforcement in the situation at hand, ppl will behave differently in different situations |
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Term
| problems w/ behavioral perspectives |
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Definition
| behaviorists have indiscriminantly generalized from animal to human behavior, in carving personality into stimulus-response bonds, behaviorist have provided fragmented view of personality |
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Term
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Definition
| a theoretical orientation that emphasizes that unique qualities of humans, especially their freedom and their potential for personal growth |
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Term
| Roger's person-centered theory |
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Definition
| self-concept, incongruence, anxiety and defense |
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Term
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Definition
| a collection of beliefs about one's own nature, unique qualities, and typical behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| the degree of disparity between one's self concept and one's actual experience |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| Maslow's Theory of Self-Actualization |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a systematic arrangement of needs, according to priority, in which basic needs must be met before less basic needs are aroused |
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Term
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Definition
| needs in the uppermost reaches of hierarchy |
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Term
| need for self-actualization |
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Definition
| the need to fulfill one's potential,people will be frustrated if they are unable to utilize their talents or pursue their true interests |
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Term
| Healthy personality(self-actualizing persons) |
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Definition
| are people with exceptionally healthy personalities, marked by personal growth |
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Term
| evaluating humanistic perspectives |
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Definition
| many aspects of theory are difficult to put to scientific test, have been unrealistically optimistic, more experimental research is needed |
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Term
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Definition
| personality is determined to a large extent by a person's genes, variations in "conditionablility" are assumed to influence the personality traits that people acquire through conditioning processes, |
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Term
| evolutionary approach to personality |
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Definition
| personality has a biological basis b/c natural selection has favored certain traits over history |
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Term
| evaluating biological perspectives |
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Definition
| too much emphasis on heritability estimates, theres no comprehensive biological theory of personality |
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Term
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Definition
| personality tests that ask individuals to answer a series of questions about their characteristic behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| ask participants to respond to vague, ambiguous stimuli in ways that reveal the subjects needs, feelings and personality traits |
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Term
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Definition
| thought ducks followed the mother b/c she was the first moving thing they saw, they followed him or rubber balls, an instinctive and sudden attachment to some object |
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Term
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Definition
| infants prefer patterns over solids, favorite pattern was human face, can mimic facial gestures w/in 3 days of birth |
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Term
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Definition
| after nursing just a few days infant will turn head towards pad saturated w/ mothers milk, mom can smell their baby too |
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Term
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Definition
| 15-20%, shy wary of unfamiliar ppl and situations |
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Term
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Definition
| 30% approach unfamiliar situations and ppl confidently |
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Term
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Definition
| releases growth hormones in rats, releases insulin in humans and helps them process food, sleep soundly, and be more alert and awake |
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Term
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Definition
| an individuals characteristic (biologically/genetically based) mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity that is evident shortly after birth-more related to attachment than maternal sensitivity |
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Term
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Definition
| (40%) generally cheerful, regular pattern os hunger and tiredness, adapt easily to new experiences |
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Term
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Definition
| 15% uncooperative in new situations, but eventually enjoy them |
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Term
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Definition
| 10% unhappy, uncooperative, temper tantrums, spit out new food, cry loudly |
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Term
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Definition
| "it's because i say do, that's why" strict, punitive, unsympathetic,value obedience, don't explain rules to child, seldom praise |
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Term
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Definition
| "do whatever you want", lax discipline, rarely use punishment, complete freedom,loving,but don't assert authority |
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Term
| authoritative-reciprocal parents |
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Definition
| "do it for this reason" firm but understanding, set limits but also encourage independence |
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Term
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Definition
| 2/3 size of hips, -good at child bearing |
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Term
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Definition
| 9/10 best or hunting & protecting |
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Term
| lateral hypothalamus (LH) |
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Definition
| if stimulated the animal will eat and eat, if destroyed the animal refuses to eat |
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Term
| ventromedial hypothalamus(VMH) |
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Definition
| turns off eating, if stimulated the animal will stop eating, if destroyed the animal overeats, will eat and eat and eat |
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Term
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Definition
| determines how much weight a person will gain in a lifetime |
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Term
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Definition
| the weight you maintain w/o effort to gain or lose weight, it can stay the same or increase over a lifetime, it is determined by the # and size of your fat cells, genetics and feeding patterns during the first year of life, and sensitivity to leptin |
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Term
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Definition
| a weight under your SP will cause a chronic hunger, their will always be a pull back to your SP weight |
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Term
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Definition
| individuals who attempt to maintain their weight below their SP through chronic dieting, go hungry much of the time, but constantly think about food, when self-control is disrupted they become disinhibited and eat to excess |
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Term
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Definition
| the binge-purge syndrome, 6% of college women, extreme binge eating followed by self-induced vomiting, usually maintain normal weight |
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Term
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Definition
| air-borne chemicals that affect sexual behavior and territorial marking in many species-don't affect human sexual arousal just leads to a relaxed state, may account for menstrual synchronization in females |
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Term
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Definition
| accomplished if all the other stages were negociated in a healthy way |
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Term
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Definition
| The inability to recall important events that occurred during a certain time period (triggered by events of a very disturbing nature) |
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Term
| Multiple Personality Disorder |
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Definition
A way that a child deals with trauma of serious childhood abuse
They escape into another personality and block out memories of other person |
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Term
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Definition
| person forgets identity, travels to a new location, creates a new identity, usually follows a disturbing event, ppl w/ poor communication skills, usually totally reversible, person forgets fugued state when they return to normal |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| conscientious, organized, dependable |
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Term
| levay's cause of homosexuality |
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Definition
| smaller INAH3 clusters in homosexual men-around the same size as a womans |
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Term
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Definition
| more likely to become a psychopath-more sensation seeking |
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