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Exam 3
Mod 7-10, 23-25, 36-39
169
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
11/04/2009

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Term
Cognitive Development
Definition
(Piaget) qualitive changes and the way people think.
Term
Equillibrium/Disequillibrium
Definition
balance between what you know and what you experience
Term
Developmental Psych
Definition
Study of change and stability over time. (womb-->tomb)
Term
Organization
Definition
rearranging and connecting existing structures
Term
Adaption
Definition
building schemas through direct interaction with the environment
Term
Assimilation
Definition
take new experience and put it in similar group
Term
Piaget's Stages of Development
Definition
sensorimotor (0-2), preoperational (2-6), concrete operational (6-12), formal operations (12 and older)
Term
Critical period
Definition
optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development
Term
Psychoanalytic theory of attachment
Definition
(Freud) love=feeding
Term
Learning theory of attachment
Definition
(Skinner) love=reinforcing
Term
Contact Comfort (attachment)
Definition
(Harlow) love=cuddling
Term
Ethological theory of attachment
Definition
(Bowlby) love=born to love
Term
Attachment
Definition
an active reciprocal relationship between two people as opposed to all others
Term
Proximity Seeking
Definition
they search for something to comfort them when they are uncomfortable
Term
Secure Attachment
Definition
exploration, proximity, contact, comfort
Term
Avoidant attachment
Definition
baby doesn't immediately need their mom and is more independent
Term
ambivalent attachment
Definition
really clingy baby; baby wants to be touching
Term
disoriented/disorganized attachment
Definition
babies have no way of dealing; no coping strategy (usually when mothers have mental disorder or are depressed)
Term
Autonomy
Definition
separate from mom; becoming your own person
Term
Germinal period
Definition
(fertilization-2 weeks) create zygote, take place in filopian tubes, cell beings to divide, implantation to uterine wall (2 weeks)
Term
Germinal period
Definition
(fertilization-2 weeks) create zygote, take place in filopian tubes, cell beings to divide, implantation to uterine wall (2 weeks)
Term
zygote
Definition
fertilized egg
Term
mono-zygotic
Definition
identical twins
Term
bi-zygotic
Definition
fraternal twins
Term
Embryonic Stage
Definition
(2-8 weeks) construction of support structures, development of major body structures, most susceptivle to environmental agents (teratogens)
Term
Fetal stage
Definition
(8 weeks-birth) finishing touches, growth, refinement (toes separating), complexity.
Term
Age of viability
Definition
baby is able to live outside mother (age changes); they will not necessarily live well; they must be able to breathe (lungs developed; usually 22-28 weeks depending on fetus
Term
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Definition
disfigured facial features; mental retardation
Term
Teratogens
Definition
agents that can impair prenatal development
Term
Adolescence
Definition
transition between childhood and adulthood
Term
Puberty
Definition
period of rapid growth, sexual maturity
Term
Secular Trend
Definition
lowering of age at which young people reach adult height, weight, and sexual maturity
-better nutrition and better health care provide for trend
Term
Primary Sex Characteristics
Definition
what you need to make a baby
Term
Secondary Sex Characteristics
Definition
the other things that develop during puberty that are not needed to make a baby
Term
Life span
Definition
max # of years species have lived
Term
Life expectancy
Definition
the average amount of years a species has lived
Term
Gohert effect
Definition
change due to generation you were brought up in
Term
Fluid Intelligence
Definition
what you use to learn; mental capacity you have to learn; one's ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease with age
Term
Crystallized intelligence
Definition
what you learn; accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase withage
Term
Algorithims
Definition
mechanical, repetitive, step-by-step procedure for arrive a the solution to a problem (trial and error)
Term
4 steps to solving a problem
Definition
1. understand the problem
2. form a hypothesis
3. test the hypothesis
4. check the results
Term
Framing
Definition
the way an issue is presented
Term
Heuristics
Definition
simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; use speeider but also more error-prone than algorithims
Term
overconfidence
Definition
our believe that our answers are moer accurate than they actually are
Term
confirmation bias
Definition
seeking info that agress with our hypothesis
Term
belief perserverance
Definition
ignoring contrary info to our beliefts
Term
anchoring and adjustment heuristic
Definition
salespitch -- boat and anchor -->anchor is down and boat can only go so far around it
Term
fixation
Definition
when mind gets stuck on something
Term
functional fixedness
Definition
tendency to adhere to a single approach to a problem or a single way to use an item
Term
base-rate info
Definition
data about the frequency or probability of the given item or event
Term
representative heuristic
Definition
tendency to assume that if an item is similar to members of a particular category, it is also a member of the category
Term
availabilty heuristic
Definition
easier it is to recall, the more common you think it is
Term
sunk cost effect
Definition
tendency to do something that we'd otherwise choose not to do, just because we spent the money or effort to do it
Term
Behaviorist theory of language acquisition
Definition
(skinner) kids babbling, learning of specific verbal behaviors; "mom!"--reinforced and shaped into language.
Term
Nativist theory of language acquistion
Definition
(chomsky) Language acquisition devide, learning rules of language oso we can express ourselves, comes from inside (intrinsic motivation)
Term
achievement tests
Definition
measure of what you currently know
Term
amplitude tests
Definition
measure how you would possible perform on something you haven't learned yet
Term
personality tests
Definition
give you a number to your personality, ex: Eharmony
Term
Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence
Definition
componential(analytical), Experiental(creativity), Contextual(street smart) -- everyone has different levels of each
Term
gardner's theory of multiple intelligences
Definition
intelligences is independent, some people excel in only a few areas
Term
IQ
Definition
mental age/chronological age X 100
Term
reliability
Definition
consistency
Term
validity
Definition
measure what it says it's measuring
Term
Eugenics
Definition
increase good people by their good genes
Term
medical model
Definition
all disorders shuld be treated like any other disease -- have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated and in most cases, cured through treatment in a hospital
Term
deviant
Definition
something not everyone does
Term
distressful
Definition
personally; way people treated person
Term
dysfunctional
Definition
affects your life; can't function.
Term
DSM-IV
Definition
diagnostic and statistical manual; widely used system for classifying psychological disorders
Term
generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
Definition
"free floating"; no known trigger, it comes from general things in your life.
Term
panic disorder
Definition
feelings of terror that strike suddenly and repeatedly with no warning; they have actual physical symptoms
Term
phobias
Definition
irrational fear -- no reason for fear; one of the most treatable
Term
obsessive-compulsive disorder
Definition
obsession: occuring and unwanted thoughts
compulsion: need to lower obsession, to reduce anxiety felt because of the obsession; this interferes with daily life
Term
dissociative disorders
Definition
awareness gets separated from previoud (often painful) memories, thoughts, feelings, selves, etc.
Term
dissociative identity disorder
Definition
(multiple personality disorder) a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities.
Term
anti-social personality disorder
Definition
fairly universal lack of conscience, often charming, manipulative and showing no remorse.
Term
mood disorders
Definition
psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes
Term
major depressive disorder
Definition
a mood disorder in which a person experiences two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings od worhlesseness, and diminshed interest or pleasure in most activities
Term
bipolar
Definition
manic to depressed, one extreme to another (most people don't go to full extremes, they don't go to the point of hurting another or themselves)
Term
schizophrenia
Definition
split between yourself and your reality; disorganized thoughts/delusional; innappropriate thoughts and feelings.
Term
word salad
Definition
all words mixed up
Term
catatonia
Definition
paralyzed; don't/can't move
Term
paranoia
Definition
someone out to get you.
Term
delusions (of grandeur)
Definition
think they are better than everyone else (Jesus)
Term
cognition
Definition
all mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
Term
schema
Definition
a concept or framework that organizes and interprets info
Term
accomodation
Definition
adapting one's current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new info.
Term
object permanence
Definition
awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived.
Term
autism
Definition
disorder that appears in childhood and is makred by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of other's states of mind.
Term
stranger anxiety
Definition
fear of strangers that infants display, beginning about 8 months.
Term
imprinting
Definition
process by which certain animals form attachhments during a critical period in their life.
Term
basic trust
Definition
(Erikson) sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy
Term
identity
Definition
(Erikson) one's sense of self; the adolescent's task to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles.
Term
intimacy
Definition
(Erikson) ability to form close, loving relationships (adolesence and early adulthood)
Term
concept
Definition
mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people
Term
prototype
Definition
mental image or best example of a category
Term
insight
Definition
sudden realization of the solution to a problem
Term
emotional intelligence
Definition
ability to perceive, understand, manage and use emotions
Term
WAIS
Definition
most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance subtests.
Term
standardization
Definition
defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested standardization group.
Term
heritability
Definition
proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes.
Term
ADHD
Definition
a psychological disorder maked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more three key symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity
Term
PTSD
Definition
an anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after traumatic experience
Term
delusions
Definition
false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany schizophrenia and other disorders.
Term
personality
Definition
unique pattern of enduring thoughts, feelings and actions that characterize a person
Term
things in common with psychoanalytic theories
Definition
conflict, unconscous force drives behavior, emphasis on early experience, life-long consequence
Term
ID
Definition
raw, unorganized inborn instincts and drives
Term
pleasure principles
Definition
when you have an urge, you must fulfill it
Term
superego
Definition
aspect of personality that represents a peson's consciene: evaluaes right from wrong; what a perfect person would do
Term
ego
Definition
shortly develops when gratification is deferred (balance of power); must mediate between ID and Superego
Term
libido
Definition
sexual energy/creative energy, where energy is on a particular part of the body to do stuff.
Term
oral
Definition
birth-1; mouth is focus of stimulation
Term
anal
Definition
1-3 years; anus is focus
Term
phallic
Definition
3-6years; genitals are focus
Term
latency
Definition
6-12years; peiod of suspended sexual activity
Term
genital
Definition
12-adults; genitals are focus with onset of puberty
Term
edipus complex
Definition
phallic stage; son develops strong feelings of hate towards father, wants father dead; ends with identification because you realize you can't beat them so you try to be like them.
Term
repression
Definition
taking a feling and press it under consciousness; takes effort and may pop back up.
Term
projection
Definition
attributing impulses to someone else.
Term
rationalization
Definition
self-justification; a lie you tell yourself to make you feel like a good person
Term
reaction formation
Definition
make impulses seem the opposite
Term
sublimation
Definition
diverting impulses from its immediate goal to one of a more acceptable social, moral, or aesthetic nature or use.
Term
displacement
Definition
aiming impulses at a more acceptable (safer) target.
Term
regression
Definition
returning to earlier stage to cope.
Term
projection test
Definition
Rorshach (ink blot) test, thematic apperception test -- analyzing pictures
Term
humanism
Definition
free will, human potential
Term
behavior therapy
Definition
emphasis is on helping clients view psychological problems as learned behaviors.
Term
systematic desensitization
Definition
client visualizes a series of anxiety-provoking stimuli while remaining relaxed.
Term
modeling
Definition
client learns desireable behaviors by watching therapists do it.
Term
assertiveness training and social skills training
Definition
client it taught how to interact with people more comfotably and effectively.
Term
positive reinforcement
Definition
used to alter problematic behavior and to teach new skills
Term
extinction
Definition
process of removing reinforcers that normally follow a particular response
Term
flooding
Definition
keeps pople in in a feared situation depriving them of the ability to escape.
Term
aversive conditioning
Definition
classical conditioning principles are used to associate physical or psychological discomfort with undesrired behaviors.
Term
antabuse
Definition
drug used with aversive conditioning to get people to get over alcoholism.
Term
cognitive-behavior therapy
Definition
learning principles are used to help clients change the way they think, as well as how they behave.
Term
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
Definition
brief shock is administered to the brain to reduce depression that des not respond to drug treatments.
Term
psychosurgery
Definition
destruction of brain tissue for the purpose of treating mental disorders.
Term
SZASZ
Definition
mental illness medical model
Term
social psychology
Definition
branch of psych concerned with the way individual thoughts, feelings and behaviors are influenced by other people and situations
Term
obedience
Definition
compliance by yielding to direct commands, usually by an authority figure
Term
stanley milgram
Definition
shocking
Term
bystander effect
Definition
more people around, less likely they are to help.
Term
social loafing
Definition
reduction in work when people work in groups.
Term
conformity
Definition
yielding to real or imagined social pressure
Term
asch
Definition
3 lines; conformity to those around them.
Term
group think
Definition
the desire for group harmony overrides rational decision making process.
Term
group polarization
Definition
assumes when there is general agreement in group, tends to make them more extreme in opinion.
Term
fundamental attribution error
Definition
observers bias in favor of internal attributions in explaining other people's behaviors.
Term
self-serving bias
Definition
lie you tell yourself so you always feel smart and awesome; if something bad happends, you attribute it externally.
Term
self effacing bias
Definition
tendency to attribute ones successes to external factors and failures to internal ones (modesty & humility)
Term
3 components of attitude
Definition
cognitive, affective, behavioral
Term
3 components of attitude
Definition
cognitive, affective, behavioral
Term
cognitive dissonance
Definition
seeking consistency between cognitions and behaviors.
Term
foot in the door phenomenon
Definition
comply with small request, more likely to comply with larger request.
Term
barnum effect
Definition
acceptance of fake flattery to manipulate people.
Term
big five
Definition
conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, extraversion.
Term
Kagan
Definition
did tests on babies and their personalities.
Term
reciprocal determinism
Definition
everything causes everything else.
Term
Freudian psychodynamic therapy
Definition
ego's attempt to deal with conflicts about ones unconscious impulses and fantasies.
Term
Freudian psychodynamic therapy
Definition
ego's attempt to deal with conflicts about ones unconscious impulses and fantasies.
Term
resistance
Definition
resisting getting to the problem and push away therapy and problems.
Term
transference
Definition
transferring feelings of love or hate to therapists but really the feelings for a person in your life.
Term
Roger's self theory
Definition
actualizing tendency -- innate inclination toward growth and fulfillment that motivates all human behaviors.
Term
humanistic psychotherapy
Definition
clients must remain responsible for choosing how they will think and behave.
Term
conditional positive regard
Definition
only accepted if you act a certain way
Term
unconditional positive regard
Definition
love you and accept you no matter what
Term
client-centered therapy
Definition
(Carl Rogers) need to focus on relationship in therapy; unconditional positive regard, empathy, active listening
Term
cognitive therapies
Definition
thinking; change the way you think; what you tell yourself determines the outcome.
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