Term
|
Definition
| suppositories are solid dosage forms intended for insretion into body orifices |
|
|
Term
| what are the different sites of insertion for suppositories |
|
Definition
| vagina, rectum, and urethra (vagina and rectum are the most common) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- has similar advantages as TDDS (skips hepatic first pass metabolism)
- good dosage forms for treating pts. with vomiting
- more drugs can be made into suppositories than can be made into TDDS
- suppositories have a faster rate of onset than TDDS
- local effects |
|
|
Term
| shapes of rectal suppositories |
|
Definition
- usually tapered at one or both ends
- inserted with fingers |
|
|
Term
| adult rectal suppositories |
|
Definition
- about 2 grams
- cocoa butter or theobroma oil (bases - synonyms of eachother) |
|
|
Term
| child rectal suppositories |
|
Definition
- cocoa butter or theobroma oil (bases - synonyms of eachother)
- half the weight of adult suppositories |
|
|
Term
| shapes, weight, and content of vaginal suppositories |
|
Definition
- globular or oviform
- 5 grams
- cocoa butter is the base
- "pessaries" |
|
|
Term
| most common urethral suppository |
|
Definition
| - medicated urethral system for erection (MUSE) |
|
|
Term
| another term used to describe urethral suppositories |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| physiologic factors affecting drug absorption from rectal suppositories |
|
Definition
- colonic content
- pH and lack of buffering capacity of the rectal fluids |
|
|
Term
| physicochemical factors of the drug and suppository base |
|
Definition
- lipid-water solubility
- particle size
- nature of the base |
|
|
Term
| when systemic effects are desired, can greater absorption be aquired when the rectum is empty or distended with fecal matter? |
|
Definition
| - empty rectum because drug has greater opportunity to make contact with absorbing surfaces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - empties rectum so that suppository can be administered |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - ability of drug buffer to resist change in pH |
|
|
Term
| relationship between rectal fluids and buffer capacity |
|
Definition
- rectal fluids have no buffer capacity therefore rectal fluids do not react with weak acid or weak base of drug
- without using another form for the suppository (i.e. ionic) the suppository is immiscible with body gluid and fails to release fat soluble drug readily into the rectum |
|
|
Term
| how do you incorporate fat soluble drugs in cocoa butter |
|
Definition
| - use ionic form therefore it is more soluble in aqueous solution and increases bioavailability |
|
|
Term
| between hydrophilic and lipophilic forms of the drug, which two has more tendency to escape out of the fatty suppository base? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| between hydrophilic and lipophilic forms of a drug, which of the two has more tendency to escape out of the fatty suppository base? |
|
Definition
- both
- lipophilic escapes out readily because it has no affinity for water
- hydrophilic escapes out because the base dissolves in aqueous fluids |
|
|
Term
| relationship bt particle size and suppositories |
|
Definition
| - the smaller the particle size, the more readily the dissolution of the particle and the greater the chance for rapid absorption |
|
|
Term
| essential features of the base for suppositories |
|
Definition
- must be capable of melting, softening, or dissolving in order to release drug for absorption
- should not interact with the drug to inhibit its release
- should not irritate the mucous membrane |
|
|
Term
| 3 categories of suppositories |
|
Definition
- fatty or oleaginous bases
- water-soluble or water-miscible bases
- miscellaneous bases |
|
|
Term
| fatty or oleaginous bases |
|
Definition
| - most frequently employed suppository base (cocoa butter) |
|
|
Term
| under what conditions should cocoa butter be prepared for suppository bases |
|
Definition
- melts bt 30-36 degrees (just below body temp)
- should not be hastily or carelessly melted |
|
|
Term
| What happens if you overheat cocoa butter for a suppository base? |
|
Definition
- the suppository formed will melt below 30 degrees
- cocoa butter exists in two forms (alpha and beta)
- want the beta form which has a melting point bt 30-35 degrees (ideal)
- melting point for alpha form is below 30 degrees therefore it will not solidify at room temperature
- alpha can convert back to beta form but it takes several days |
|
|
Term
| 2 main members of water-soluble and water-miscible bases |
|
Definition
- glycerinated gelatin
- PEG's |
|
|
Term
| glycerinated gelatin as a water-soluble base |
|
Definition
- slower to soften and mix with the fluids and therefore provides a slower release
- tendency to absorb moisture as a result of hygroscopic nature of glycerin |
|
|
Term
| what must you do to the suppository when it has a glycerinated gelatin base before insertion? |
|
Definition
- moisten with water prior to instertion
- moistening prevents dehydrating effect and irritation of tissues |
|
|
Term
| PEG's as a water-soluble base for suppositories |
|
Definition
- polymers of ethylene oxide and water (HO-(CH2-CH2-O-)n-H)
- 300, 400, 600, 1000, 1450, 3350, 4600, 6000, 8000
- do not melt at body temp. but dissolve slowly in the body fluids |
|
|
Term
| what base is the most convenient in terms of storage and handling of suppositories? |
|
Definition
| - PEG's because it does not melt at body temp. and you do not need to refridgerate |
|
|
Term
| 3 methods of preparing suppositories |
|
Definition
- molding from a melt ("fusion method")
- compression
- hand rolling and shaping |
|
|
Term
| steps taken when molding from a melt for preparation of a suppository |
|
Definition
- melting the base
- incorporating any req. medicaments
- pouring the melt into molds
- allowing melt to cool an congeal into suppositories
- removing the formed suppositories from the mold |
|
|
Term
| types of molds used when molding from a melt for preparing suppositories |
|
Definition
- stainless steel
- aluminum
- brass
- plastic
- rubber molds |
|
|
Term
| is lubrication of a mold required when molding from a melt in preparing a suppository? |
|
Definition
- depends on the formulation of suppository used
- cocoa butter or PEG (seldom necessary because suppositories contract significantly when cooling and they separate from inert surfaces)
- glycerinated gelatin (necessary; ex. mineral oil which is also used as a levigating agent) |
|
|
Term
| role of the physician in compounding of suppositories |
|
Definition
| - prescribes the dose for the pt. |
|
|
Term
| role of the pharmacists in compounding of suppositories |
|
Definition
- determines the amt. of the base
- preparation of the suppository |
|
|
Term
| 2 things required when molding from a melt in preparing a suppository |
|
Definition
- density calculations
- mold calibrations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- different bases will have different densities
- DO PRACTICE PROBLEMS |
|
|
Term
| calculation for density factor |
|
Definition
| - density factor = wt. of drug/wt. of base displaced |
|
|
Term
| steps taken when doing a mold calibration |
|
Definition
| - determine the vol. of each cell in the mold by pouring the base into each cell and let it solidify; remove the bases from each cell and determine the total wt.; transfer all the solidified bases into a beaker; melt to get the vol.; calculate the wt. and vol. of each cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- liquid preparations that contain one or more chemical substances dissolved in a suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents
- mixture of one substance dissolved in another |
|
|
Term
| classifications of solutions - based on use |
|
Definition
- oral
- otic
- opthalmic
- topical |
|
|
Term
| classification of solutions - based on composition |
|
Definition
- syrups
- elixirs
- spirits/aromatic water
- tinctures/fluid extracts
- injections |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- aqueous solutions containing a sugar
- can be vehicles without drug or liquid dosage forms with the drug |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- sweetened hydroalcoholic solutions
- no aromatic materials |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- solutions of aromatic materials
- spirits have a OH solvent
- aromatic water has a aqueous solvent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- solutions prepared by extracting active constiuents from crude drugs
- tinctures are when w:v is either 1:4, 1:5, or 1:10
- fluid extracts are when the w:v is 1:1 only |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - solutions prepared to be sterile and pyrogen free and intended for parenteral administration |
|
|
Term
| how can you define high solubility |
|
Definition
| - highest dose strength (of drug substance) is soluble in 250mL or less of aqueous media over the pH range of 1-7.5 |
|
|
Term
| how can you define high permeability |
|
Definition
| - when the extent of absorption in humans is 90% or more |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - max equilibrium amt. of solute that can dissolve per amt. of solvent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- kinetic phenomenon
- amt. of solute dissolved per unit time |
|
|
Term
| 6 techniques to improve the solubility or the dissolution rate |
|
Definition
- slat form
- particle size
- amorphous form
- temperature (increased temp. = increased solubility in liquid dosage forms)
- rigorous agitation in liquid dosage forms
- pH |
|
|
Term
| 5 types of solvents used for liquid preparations |
|
Definition
- alcohol, USP
- diluted OH
- rubbing OH
- isopropyl rubbing OH
- purified water, USP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- most useful solvent next to water
- forms hydroalcoholic mixture with water
- 94.9%-96% C2H5OH by vol.
- ethyl OH, ethanol |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - contains not less that 99,5% C2H5OH by vol. |
|
|
Term
| Recommended OH content for OTC oral products |
|
Definition
- <6yrs. = 0.5% or less
- 6-12yrs. = 5% or less
- >12 yrs. = 10% or less |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- equal volumes of OH, USP and purified water, USP
- final volume is less than initial because OH contracts upon mixing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- 70% C2H5OH
- rubefacient
- disinfectant
- denaturant employed is formula 23-H
- separation of ethyl OH becomes virtually impossible when it is added
- by adding denaturant you are discouraging use of rubbing OH as beverage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- 70% IPA by vol.
- rubefacient
- disinfectant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - any agent that increases the redness of skin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- obtained by distillation, ion exchange tx, reverse osmosis, etc
- should not yield more than 0.001% of residue
- for aqueous dosage forms
- not for parenteral administrations (including injections) |
|
|
Term
| dry mixtures for solution |
|
Definition
- some medicinal agents will have insufficient stability in aq. sol'n to meet extended shelf life periods "antibiotics"
- commercial manufacturers provide these products to the manufacturer in dry form "drugs to be reconstituted" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - concentrated aq. preparations of a sugar or sugar substitute with or without flavoring agents and medicinal substances |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- medicated syrups
- non-medicated syrups (flavored vehicles) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- purified water
- medicinal agents
- sugar (usually sucrose or sugar substitute)
- antimicrobial preservatives
- flavorants
- colorants
- may contain some other excipients |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - sugars that are converted to glucose in the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- nonglycongenetic substances (ideal for diabetic pt.)
- ex: methyl cellulose or hydroxy ethylcellulose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- physical concealment of the taste of the drug
- inherent stability
- make them viscous by adding 60-80% of sugar |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - resistant to microbial growth b/c of the unavailability of the water req. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - sweetened hydroalcoholic sol'n intended for oral use |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- nonmedicated elixirs (vehicles)
- medicated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- have less sugar than syrups
- less viscous than syrups but not more susceptible to microbial
- elixirs are less effective in masking the taste
- elixirs are capable of dissolving both water-soluble and water-insoluble
- elixirs cannot be used in kids and adults who choose to avoid OH |
|
|
Term
| 2 principle methods of drug extraction |
|
Definition
- maceration
- percolation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- comminuted drug is allowed to soak in a solvent until the cellular structure is softene and penetrated by the solvent
- i.e. tea bag in a cup of water - immobile |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- mobile (i.e. coffee maker)
- drug extraction by slow passage of a suitable solvent through a column of the drug |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are dispersed systems |
|
Definition
- drug is undissolved or immiscible
- "dispersion" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- drug dispersed
- solute in liquid dosage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- solvent
- dispersion medium
- continuous phase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - size is greater than 500 nm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- suspensions
- emulsions
- gels and magmas
- aerosols |
|
|
Term
| suspensions (dispersions) |
|
Definition
| - coarse dispersions containing finely divided insoluble material suspended in a liquid medium (particle size usually > 0.5 micrometers) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- liquid drug dispersed in liquid
- system consisting of at least two immiscible liquid phases
- study slide |
|
|
Term
| gels and magmas (dispersions) |
|
Definition
| - very fine particles dispersed in liquid but liquids are made semisolid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - solid or liquid drug is dispersed in gaseous medium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - powder form and drug must be reconstituted using a suitable solvent |
|
|
Term
| why do we need suspensions |
|
Definition
- some drugs are unstable in sol'n but stable when formulated as suspension
- suspensions are better at masking taste
- ease of swallowing
- flexibility of administration of a range of doses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- dx/dt=d2(pi-pe)g/18n
- study slides |
|
|
Term
| how do you prevent formation of cake |
|
Definition
- intentional formation of a less rigid or loos aggregation of partiles
- "floc"
- "floccule" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- process of intentional formation of a less rigid or loose aggregation of the particles
- dispersed particles come together but do not fuse |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - agents used to prepare flocculated suspensions |
|
|
Term
| examples of flocculating agents |
|
Definition
| - clays such as diluted betonite magma |
|
|
Term
| problems with highly flocculated suspensions |
|
Definition
- rapid settling
- unsightly a supernatant layer
- both of the above occur if large amt. of flocculating agents added |
|
|
Term
| how cam problems that occur due to highly flocculated suspensions be overcome |
|
Definition
- adding suspending agents to the disperions medium
- high viscosity of dispersion medium ("vehicle")
- ex: acacia, methyl cellulose, carboxymethylcellulose |
|
|
Term
| what is extemporaneous compounding |
|
Definition
| - used in kids/adult who cannot swallow solid dosage forms |
|
|
Term
| why should you not use preservatives, colorings flavorings, or OH in extemporaneous compounding |
|
Definition
| - because they may have acute or long-term side effects for neonates (newborn <4wks old) |
|
|
Term
| why should you use extreme caution with benzyl OH for neonates in extemporaneous compounding |
|
Definition
| - because liver does not metabolize benzyl OH and benzyl OH causes gasping syndrome (condition which leads to multiple organ failure) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- oil in water emulsions (o/w)
- water in oil emulsions (w/o) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- added to prepare a stable emulsion
- ex: acacia, tragacanth, and gelatin |
|
|
Term
| 3 most prevalent theories of emulsification |
|
Definition
- surface tension theory (emulsifiying agents act to decrease interfacial tension)
- oriented-wedge theory
- plastic or interfacial film theory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - forces bt molecules of same liquid that prevent breaking down into small substances |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- hydrophilic-lipophilic balance
- emulsifying agents can be categorized by HLB
- ranges from 1-40
- high HLB # = o/w
- low HLB # = w/o |
|
|
Term
| tree methods used for small-scale extemporaneous preparation of emulsions |
|
Definition
- continental or dry gum method
- english or wet gum method
- bottle or Forbes bottle method |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- oil:water:gum
- for every 4 parts oil added, 2 parts water are added and one part gym added
- used in the preparation of initial or primary emulsion |
|
|
Term
| steps for dry gum emulsion preparation |
|
Definition
- gum is triturated with oil until thoroughly mixed
- two parts of water are added all at once
- end point - creamy white and crackling sound
- STUDY SLIDE |
|
|
Term
| wet gum (english) method for preparation |
|
Definition
- smae proportions of oil, water, and gum except order of mixing is different (water added before oil)
- mucliage prepared by triturating gum with ater
- oil is added slowly in portions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - dispersed particles come together, fusion of particles take place and leads to the decrease in number of particles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - upward movement of the dispersed droplets relative to the continuous phase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - downward movement of the dispersed droplets relative to the continuous phase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - complete separation of the internal phase from the continuous phase and formation of internal phase as a separate layer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - an emulsion is said to be invert when it changes from an o/w to a w/o emulsion or vice versa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - semisolid systems consisting of either suspensions made up of small inorganic particles or large organic molecules interpenetrated by a liquid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- "magma"
- the gel contains small discrete particles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - gel does not appear to have discrete particles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- "reversible gel-sol phenonmenon"
- some gels become fluid on agitation, only to resume their solid or semisolid state after remaining undisturbed for a period of time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - taking up of certain amt. of liquid without a measurable increase in vol. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - taking up of liquid by a gel with an increase in vol. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - when a gel stands for some time, it may shrink naturally and some of the liquid is pressed out |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - formed when the liquid is removed from a gel and only frame work remains |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- study of flow
- addresses the viscosity and flow properties of powders, fluids, and semisolids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- newtonian flow
- non-newtonian flow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- characterized by constant viscosity, regardless of shear rates applied
- STUDY SLIDES |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- fail to follow newton's eq.
- plastics
- pseudoplastic
- dilatant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- higher viscosity than newtonian fluid
- substances that exhibit plastic flow are called bingham bodies
- plastic flow does not begin until a shearing stress corresponding to a certain yield value is exceeded
- STUDY SLIDES |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- begins when a shearing stress is applied
- STUDY SLIDE |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- exhibit an increase in resistance to flow with increasing rates of shear
- STUDY SLIDE |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - pressurized dosage forms that upon actuation emit therapeutic ingredients as a fine dispersion of a liquid or solid material in a gaseous medium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- rapid onset of action
- avoid hepatic first pass metabolism
- most of contents used are hemetic (airtight) therefore are protected from degredation by oxygen or humidity |
|
|
Term
| steps in filling aerosols |
|
Definition
- determine what aerosol container will be made of
- add product (drug and other excipients)
- fit valve
- add propellant
- fit actuator |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- dosage form that enters body other than GIT
- injections
- sterile (free from microorganisms) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- most common parental
- sterile
- pyrogen-free
- preaparations intended to be admin. parenterally |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - substances that induce fever |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- rapid onset of action bc drug injected directloy into the blood
- for pts. who are uncooperative or unconscious
- when drugs are ineffective by other routes |
|
|
Term
| disadvantages of parentals |
|
Definition
- drugs cannot be retrieved
- req. trained personnel in most cases |
|
|
Term
| routes of parenteral administration |
|
Definition
- intra-articular (joints)
- intrasynovial (joint-fluid area)
- intraspinal (spinal column)
- intrathecal (spinal fluid)
- intra-arterial (arteries)
- intracardiac (heart) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - stainless-steel or AL devicesthat penetrate the skin for the purpose of admin. a parenteral product |
|
|
Term
| parts of hypodermic needles |
|
Definition
- bevel (needle tips - slanting edge)
- shaft or barrel (long portion of needle)
- hub (connects to syringe)
- needle gauge (gauge number on hub) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- outside diameter of the needle shaft
- larger the number = smaller diameter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- range from 1/4 to 6 inches
- choice of needle length depends on the desired penetration |
|
|
Term
| two types of hypodermic needle physical hazards |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - minor complication resulting from a vein injury or irritation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - formation of a blood clot in a vein or artery |
|
|
Term
| intravenous route of admin for parentals |
|
Definition
| - provides rapid action compared with other routes of admin b/c injected directly into blood and solubility, dissolution, and absorption are not factors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- less rapid bc drug has to absorbed into the blood from the muscle
- longer lasting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - liquid preparations that are substances or sol'n directly injected into the human body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - dry solids that depend on the add'n of suitable vehicles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - must be dissovled in emulsion mediums |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - liquid preparation of solid suspended in a suitable liquid medium |
|
|
Term
| for injectable suspension |
|
Definition
| - dry powders, solids, etc. that upon add'n of suitable vehicle yields preparatio conforming in all respects to injectible suspensions |
|
|
Term
| oleaginous and suspensions relationship to injections |
|
Definition
| - types of injections that are restricted to types other than intravenous bc interrupts normal blood flow |
|
|
Term
| formulation of parentals for a drug unstable in sol'n |
|
Definition
- prepare dry product
- formulate as suspension |
|
|
Term
| formulation of parenterals if drug is unstable in water |
|
Definition
| - use non-aq. solvent (i.e. vegetable oils) |
|
|
Term
| formulation of parenterals if an aq. sol'n is desired |
|
Definition
| - use water-soluble solid form |
|
|
Term
| solvents and vehicles for injections |
|
Definition
- water for injections, USP
- sterile water for injection, USP
- bacteriostatic water for injection, USP
- sodium chloride injection, USP
- bacteriostatic sodium chloride injection, USP
- nonaq. vehicles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- purified by distillation or by reverse osmosis
- presence of total solids - NMT 1mg/100mL
- not req. to be sterile , it must be pyrogen free bc used for a large scale manufacture of injections |
|
|
Term
| sterile water for injection, USP |
|
Definition
- designated solely for parenteral use only after add'n of drugs that req dilution or must be dissolved in an aq vehicle prior to injection
- packaged in single-dose containers not larger than 1L
- no antimicrobial agent |
|
|
Term
| bacterostatic water for injection, USP |
|
Definition
- sterile water for injection containing one or more antimicrobial agents
- flexibility for multiple dose vials
- packaged in prefilled syringes or in vials containing NMT 30mL
- used in parenterals that are admin in small vol. b/c do not want to admin. large amt. of antimicrobial agents into blood
- USP labeling req. = NOT FOR USE IN NEONATES
- limited detoxification capacity of the neonate liver for benzyl OH
- benzyl Oh poisoning - gasping syndrom (multiple organ failure) |
|
|
Term
| which solvents and/or vehicles for injections are isotonic with blood |
|
Definition
- sodium chloride injections
- bacteriostatic sodium chloride injections |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- used when drug has limited aq. solubility or when drugs are subject to hyrolysis
- fixed vegetable oils, glycerin, PEGs, propylene glycol
- oleaginous injections are mostly admin intramuscularly bc interrupt blood flow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- destruction of all living organisms and their spores or their complete removal from the prepation
- dry heat
- steam
- filtration
- gas
- ionizing radiation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- usually carried out in oven
- b/t 150-170 degrees C |
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Term
| if chemical X melts or decomposes at 170degrees C but is un affected at 140 degrees C, what steps should be taken? |
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Definition
| - decrease temp, but increase exposure time |
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Term
| what is one of the important factors responsible for dug degradation |
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Definition
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Term
| dont you tink 150 or 170 is too high for certain pharmaceutical prodcuts |
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Definition
| - yes - therefore use steam because microorganisms are destroyed at much lower T |
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Term
| what is the highest T steam can acieve |
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Definition
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Term
| what if you need a T of 110 to destroy microorganism |
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Definition
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Term
| methods of steam sterilization |
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Definition
- autoclave
- employs steam under pressure in order to increase T
- it sis the T, not the P, that destroys the microorganism |
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Term
| sterilization by filtration |
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Definition
- physical removal of microorganism by adsorption on the filter medium
- used for heat sensitive sol'ns
- milipor filters (most commonly used for filtrations) |
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Term
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Definition
| - exposure to ethylene oxide or propylene oxide gas |
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Term
| sterilization by ionizing radiation |
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Definition
| - sterilization by gamma rays and by cathode rays |
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Term
| three types of properties of drug molecules |
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Definition
- additive
- constitutive
- colligative |
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Term
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Definition
| - properties that depend on the total contribution of atoms in the molecule or on the sum of properties of the constituents in soln' |
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Term
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Definition
| - properties that depend on the arrangement of atoms in a molecule |
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Term
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Definition
- properties that depend primarily on the number of particles in sol'n
- lowering of v.p
- increase in bp
- decrease in freezing point
- osmotic pressure
- STUDY SLIDES |
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