Term
| What are the structural levels of DNA? |
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Definition
1. Nucleotides
2. Strands
3. Double Helix
4. Chromosomes
5. Genome |
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Term
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Definition
Complete complement of an organism's genetic material |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA associated with proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| Two strands of DNA hydrogen bonded together |
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Term
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Definition
| Covalent linkage of nucleotides in linear manner |
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Term
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Definition
| Building blocks of DNA & RNA |
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Term
| What are the components of nucleotides? |
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Definition
1. Phosphate group
2. Pentose Sugar
3. Nitrogen Base |
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Term
| What are the sugars of RNA? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the sugars of DNA? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the five nucleotide bases? |
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Definition
1. Adenine
2. Guanine
3. Cytosine
4. Thymine
5. Uracil |
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Term
| What are the bases of nucleotides divided into? |
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Definition
1. Purines
2. Pyrimidines |
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Term
| What are the pyrimidine bases? |
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Definition
1. Thyamine
2. Cytosine
3. Uracil |
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Term
| What are the purine bases? |
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Definition
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Term
| What structure do pyrimidines have? |
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Definition
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Term
| What structure do purines have? |
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Definition
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Term
| What bases are found in both DNA & RNA? |
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Definition
DNA- 1. Adenine
2. Guanine
3. Cytosine
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Term
What bases are found in DNA?
What bases are found in RNA? |
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Definition
DNA- 1. Adenine
2. Guanine
3. Thyamine
4. Cytosine
RNA- All but thyamine
Also Uracil |
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Term
| What describes the locations of carbon & nitrogen atoms in sugars and bases? |
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Definition
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Term
| How are carbons numbered in the sugar ring? |
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Definition
Clockwise, starting at the right of the oxygen
5' is not on sugar |
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Term
| Where is the base attached on the sugar? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is the phosphate attached on a sugar? |
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Definition
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Term
| How are nucleotide linked? |
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Definition
Phosphate group to 2 sugar molecules
(Phosphoester bonds) |
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Term
What is the linkage in DNA & RNA called?
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Definition
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Term
| What forms the backbone of DNA & RNA? |
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Definition
| Sugar and Phosphate molecules |
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Term
| How are nucleotides in a strand oriented? |
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Definition
| Phosphate is covalently bonded to '5 carbon on one and '3 carbon on another |
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Term
| What does directionality in a strand depend on? |
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Definition
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Term
| What bonds are bases held together by? |
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Definition
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Term
What bonds with what base?
How many bonds? |
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Definition
Adenine & Thyamine- 2 bonds
Guanine and Cytosine- 3 bonds |
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Term
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Definition
| One strand runs '5 '3 other runs '3 '5 |
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Term
| Where does DNA replication begin? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens at the origin of replication? |
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Definition
| The two strands of DNA unwind |
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Term
| What is the process of replication referred to as? |
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Definition
| Bidirectional replication |
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Term
| Compare chromosome in bacteria and eukaryotes. |
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Definition
Bacteria- small, circular.
Eukaryotes- large, linear |
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Term
| What does DNA helicase do? |
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Definition
| Seperates the DNA strands & keeps the fork moving forward |
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Term
| In what direction does DNA helicase move? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does DNA helicase use for energy? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does DNA topoisomerase do? |
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Definition
| Alleviates coiling ahead of replication fork |
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Term
| What do single strand binding proteins do? |
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Definition
| Coat the strands of DNA to keep them from re-forming a double helix |
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Term
| What does DNA polymerase do? |
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Definition
| Covalently links the nucleotides to form strands |
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Term
| What is deoxynucleoside triphosphates? |
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Definition
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Term
| How are nucleotides added to the template strand? |
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Definition
| DNA polymerase slides down strand and hydrogen bonds nulceotides with deoxynucleoside triphosphates. At the catalytic site, DNA polymerase breaks the bond of two phosphates and attaches one phosphate to the '3 end of the nulceotide. |
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Term
| What is released during the breaking of covalent bonds in phosphate groups? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is pyrophosphate used for? |
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Definition
| Building covalent bonds between the remaining phosphate group and previous nucleotide |
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Term
| What is the pyrophophate broken down into? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is DNA polymerase able to synthesize a bare template? |
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Definition
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Term
| What can DNA polymerase also do? |
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Definition
| Elongate pre-existing strands |
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Term
| What enzyme is used for a bare template? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does DNA primase do? |
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Definition
| Makes a complementary primer |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What does the synthesis of a strand always begin with? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the leading strand? |
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Definition
| Continuous strand made in the same direction fork is moving |
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Term
| What is a lagging strand? |
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Definition
| Fragments made in opposite direction fork is moving |
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Term
| What are the fragments in the lagging strand called? |
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Definition
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Term
| How are the Okazaki fragments joined? |
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Definition
1. RNA primer is removed
2. DNA polyermase fills in vacant region
3. DNA ligase catalyzes covalent bond between last 2 nucleotides |
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Term
| What is RNA primer removed by? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Prevents chromosome shortening by attaching DNA repeat sequences to ends of chromsomes. |
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Term
| What disease is telomerase present in? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Nucleotide sequence that is repeated many times |
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Term
| How is information in genes assessed? |
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Definition
| Working copy of DNA composed of RNA is made |
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Term
| How is DNA made into RNA? |
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Definition
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Term
| What results from a gene being transcribed? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Code for a single protein |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Reads mRNA & binds amino acid to chain |
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Term
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Definition
| Forms part of ribosomes where translation occurs |
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Term
| Where does transcription begin? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Sequence of nucleotides signaling transcription |
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Term
| Where does transcription end? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the role of a regulatory protein? |
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Definition
| Influence the rate of transcription |
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Term
| What is the regulatory sequence? |
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Definition
| Site of binding of regulatory proteins |
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Term
| What is the first phase of transcription? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens in initiation? |
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Definition
| Sigma factor binds to RNA polymerase which binds to the promoter |
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Term
| What is the second phase of transcription? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens in the elongation stage? |
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Definition
| Sigma factor is released & RNA polymerase synthesizes RNA |
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Term
| What is the last stage of transcription? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens in termination? |
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Definition
| RNA polymerase reaches the terminator and leaves the RNA |
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Term
| What is the difference of transcription in eukaryotes? |
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Definition
| Different types of RNA Polymerase |
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Term
| What does RNA Polymerase 2 do? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does RNA polymerase 1 & 3 do? |
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Definition
| Transcribes nonstructural genes |
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Term
| What initiates transcription in eukaryotes? |
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Definition
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Term
| Can eukaryotic mRNA be translated immediately? |
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Definition
| No. Must undergo processing. |
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Term
| What does transcription in eukaryotes initially produce? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the final mRNA called in eukaryotes? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Non-coding sequences. Not translated. |
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Term
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Definition
| Coding sequences in mature mRNA |
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Term
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Definition
| When introns are removed from pre-mRNA & exons are connected. |
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Term
| What are introns removed by? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a splicosome composed of? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does a snRNP contain? |
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Definition
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Term
| How are introns indentified? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the sequences of the splice site? |
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Definition
| '5 splice site, branch site, and '3 splice site |
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Term
| How are the introns removed? |
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Definition
| Splicosome subunits bind to splice sites and the '5 splice site is cut, binds covalently to the branch site and the '3 splice site is cut |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Can introns occur in tRNA and rRNA? |
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Definition
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Term
| How are introns removed in tRNA & rRNA? |
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Definition
| Self-splicing, catalyzes using ribozymes |
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Term
| What is the function of capping mature mRNAs? |
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Definition
| The '5 cap is recognized by cap binding proteins so mRNA can exit the nucleus |
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Term
| What is another function of capping? |
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Definition
| Recognized in the cytosol so that mRNA can bind to ribsomes & begin translation |
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Term
| When does the poly A tail come into play? |
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Definition
| When it is added enzymatically after pre-mRNA is transcibed |
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Term
| Where is the poly A tail located? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Long string of adenine nucleotides |
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Term
| What is the function of a poly A tail? |
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Definition
Aids in export of mRNA from nucleus.
Makes mRNA more stable in nucleus |
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Term
| What is the genetic code? |
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Definition
| Specifies sequence between mRNA nucleotides and amino acids in polypeptides |
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