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Definition
| our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energy; mechanical process |
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| organizing and interpreting sensory information; enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events; what the information means to us and how we perceive it |
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| information comes in through sense receptors to the brain's integration of sensory information |
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| cortex sends signals to the CNS; higher level mental processes; constructing perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations |
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| physical characteristics of stimuli and our psychological experience of them; what does it take to detect a change in something? |
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light - brightness
sound - volume
pressure - weight
taste - sweetness
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| the stimuli of psychophysics |
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| minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time |
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Definition
Predicts how and when we detect the presence of faint stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise)
Uses absolute threshold to measure this |
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experience
expectations
motivation
level of fatigue |
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Definition
| detection depends partly on a person's . . . |
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| stimuli below absolute threshold of conscious awareness |
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it can affect how they perceive later stimuli
eg: negative pictures made people give nice pictures lower rating |
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Definition
| how does detecting subliminal stimuli effect a person? |
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minimum difference (at neuronal level) between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time
Just noticeable difference (JND) |
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to perceive as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage
Light intensity - 8%
weight - 2%
tone frequency - 0.3% |
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| diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation; happens for every sensory modality; neurons don't fire as much or change as much |
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| reason why we dont adapt to things in visual fields; constantly refreshes images on retina to ensure our neurons don't adapt |
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Definition
conversion of one form of energy to another;
in sensation, transforming of stimulus energies into neural impulses
code signals --> send --> decode at source |
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birds -- UV
snakes -- infrared |
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Definition
| animals and what spectrums they can see |
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| How many nanometers of light can we see? |
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| how much wave varies from the base line |
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| characteristic of a wave measured peak to peak |
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| number of times a wave passes a given point |
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| two characteristics that determine how we see different light |
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| only change brightness of the color, not the color itself |
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Definition
| if only the amplitude is changed. . . |
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| the eye acts like a camera, front of the eye ball adjusts image to focus it on the retina optimally. a thin layer of cells on the retina takes info to the brain, mainly the cortex |
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Definition
| how does the eye code information that will ultimately reach the visual cortex? |
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| light enters the eye and bends; covers cells on the retina and tunes cells |
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| adjustable opening (dilating and constricting) in the center of the eye; when it opens it focuses on a particular stimulus |
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| ring of muscle; forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil; controls the size of the pupil opening & the amount of light coming into the eye |
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| transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to focus images on the retina; hard material that bends light as it comes into the eye |
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| muscle that adjusts the size of the lens to zoom in or out; near or far focus |
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| eye's lens changes shape to help focus objects on the retina; this ability diminishes with age |
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| the light sensitive inner surface of the eye; contains layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information; this is where light is changed into a neural impulse in the first of 5 layers of neurons (transduced) |
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| sharpness of vision; can be diminished by changes in eye shape (cornea and lens) |
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| nearby objects are seen better than distant objects; objects project in front of the retina; Myopia (eyeball too long) |
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| see faraway objects better than near objects; objects project behind the retina; hyperopia ( eye ball is too short) |
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| fixes the cornea; shave off part of the cornea and use a laser beam to correct the cornea then place the flap back |
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| detect black and white and gray; see better in twilight and lowlight; more in peripheral retina |
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| see fine detail and color vision; used well in daytime and with color vision; near the center of the retina for more detailed and fine images; focus on and transduce stimuli |
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rods and cones
to
bipolar cells
to
ganglion cells |
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Definition
| how do neural impulses move through the retina? |
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Definition
| 10 rods and cones might feed into 2 bipolar cells then 1 ganglion cell; a coming together |
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| neural impulses from the eye (retina) to the brain (visual cortex); creates a blind spot |
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Definition
| where the optic nerve leaves the eye; this occurs because there are no receptor cells located there |
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| central point of the retina; receives a more precise signal; cones cluster here and there is a high acuity here |
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Definition
| visual cortex is in which lobe of the brain? |
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right visual cortex
left visual cortex |
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Definition
left field of view goes to .....
right field of view goes to ..... |
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Definition
| nerves cells in the brain that respond to specific features like shape, angle, and movement |
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| visual stimulus in development |
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Definition
| what helps us form nerve cells that detect different types of lines |
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Definition
| simultaneous processing of several aspects of a problem simultaneously; visual cortex processes color by moving from the retina to the visual cortex |
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trichromatic theory
Young and Helmholtz |
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Definition
theory that we have 3 different color receptors (cones); responses from these cones shape what colors we see
Red Green and Blue
Theory is by whom? |
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| combinations of responses from cones and rods |
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Definition
| what gives us different shades of colors |
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| color blindness is what kind of trait? |
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Opponent-Process Theory
red -- green
blue -- yellow
black -- white |
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Definition
| opposing processes in ganglion cells enable color vision; ganglion cells respond best to certain types of cells but when we remove the stimuli, they over process and over excite and sense the opposite perspective color; this allows us on ganglion level to process 3 colors |
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Definition
| sense of hearing; sound waves change in frequency and amplitude |
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| pitch (synonymous with frequency) |
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Definition
| tone's highness or lowness; depends on frequency |
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| depends on volume or amplitude |
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| measure of range by which we hear something |
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Definition
| part of the ear that collects sound |
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| part of the ear that transfers sound |
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Definition
| part of the ear that transduces the sounds |
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Definition
| what is caused by damage to the cochlea? |
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Definition
| what does the ear drum do when it is hit with a sound? |
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| tense up to protect the tympanic membrane and prevent sound from getting to the oval window |
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Definition
| what do the ear muscles to when hit with sound? |
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| external ear - auditory canal- sends vibrations to the eardrum |
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Definition
| how does sound move from the outer ear? |
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Term
| from the eardrum to the cochlea |
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Definition
| where does sound travel thru the middle ear? |
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| from the cochlea to the semicircular canals |
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Definition
| where does sound travel thru the inner ear? |
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Definition
| bones in the middle ear that concentrate the vibrations of the ear drum on the cochlea's oval window; smallest bones in the body |
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Definition
| bony, coiled, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear; does the actual hearing; takes information through neurons which sense movement in the fluid then send signals thru the auditory nerve to the brain |
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Definition
| bone from the middle ear connected to the oval window |
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Definition
| membrane along the cochlea that has hair cells that feel vibrations that cause neural impulses |
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Definition
| name for the outer ear that is shaped to collect sound and adjust to where the sound is |
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| to the thalamus and the cortex |
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Definition
| where does the basilar membrane send its neural signals that were caused by the vibration of its hairs? |
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| hair cells that cochlea moves determines what frequency and amplitudes we hear |
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Definition
| neural coding for frequency |
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Definition
| the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of the tone; doesnt hold over 1000x per second therefore no more 1:1 frequency firing |
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Definition
| links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated; always works; our neurons fire at integers of the frequencies. |
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Definition
| caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea; happens acutely and suddenly; damage to the outer ear, middle, and eardrum; most common is loud sound damaged eardrum |
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Definition
| caused by damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or to the auditory nerve; comes with age or overexposure to loud sounds. |
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Definition
| where does the transduction of smells occur? |
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Term
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Definition
| combinations of neurons firing produce.... |
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Term
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Definition
| we continually produce new cells thru a process called |
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| we have classes of receptors that respond to classes of molecules (smells) |
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Definition
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| cells die off and then we generate new ones |
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Definition
| what happens if we smell something harmful? |
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| olfactory bulbs are relatively small in humans and primates |
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Definition
| evolution of olfactory bulb size |
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Definition
| greater symmetry means more attractive |
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| MHC (Majorhistcompatibility complex) |
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| section of genes that predict a person's ammune profile; Women picked MHC complex most different from their own so this made offspring well prepared for life |
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Definition
| isolate pheramones that predict a synchronization of menstrual cycle;there are pheramonal cues or relations; this study done by Martha McClentock |
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Definition
| The . . . is the gateway to the limbic system in terms of smell |
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Definition
| from olfaction the smell goes through the amygdala straight to the hippocampus; there is no evidence that smell is closest sense to memory |
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Definition
| which sensory cues are easiest to recall? |
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Term
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Definition
| which receptors carry signals the quickest to the brain? |
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| pressure, vibration, stretch, cold, warm, hot, and pain |
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Definition
| we have specialized sensory receptors on the skin for what? |
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| removal from harmful stimuli and allevation from stress |
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Definition
| why are pain receptors necessary for life? |
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Definition
| pain is processed locally and by the brain; experience pain in a limb that was lost because the nerves are still intact after the loss |
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Definition
| we have the ability to modulate pain perception because the spinal cord contains a neurological "gate"; This gate allows or blocks the pain signals to the brain; this blocks ascending pain signals to brain; the gate pathway is a descending pathway; the signal can be blocked at the spinal cord coming from the brain |
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Definition
| an organized whole; tendancy to integrate pieces of info into meaningful wholes |
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Definition
| focus of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus |
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| organization of the visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings |
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| responsible for our sense of balance |
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| Gestalt principle of Grouping |
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Definition
| the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli in coherent groups |
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proximity
similarity
continuity
connectedness
closure |
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Definition
| What are Gestalts Grouping Principles? |
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Definition
ability to see objects in three dimensions; this allows us to judge distance; dependent on binocular vision
Visual Cliff - Gibson & Walk
-- babies have innate ability to judge 3-D |
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Definition
| images from the 2 eyes differ; the closer the object, the larger the difference; this is used for 3-D imagery; allows us to see depth |
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Definition
| neuromuscular cue; the two eyes move inward for near objects; dependent on binocular vision |
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| a monocular cue; smaller images appear more distant; distant images appear smaller |
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| monocular cue; closer objects block distant objects |
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| monocular cue; hazy object is seen as more distant |
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coarse, distinct -- close
fine, indistinct -- distant |
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Definition
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| monocular cue; higher objects seen as more distant |
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| relative motion (motion parallax) |
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Definition
| closer objects seem to move faster |
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| monocular cue; parallel lines converge with distance |
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Definition
| closer objects appear brighter; monocular cue |
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| shrinking objects are retreating and enlarging objects are approaching; large objects appear to move slower than small objects |
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Definition
| perceiving objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal image change; this is true for color, shape and size |
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Definition
| perceive an object as having constant lightness even as its illumination varies |
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Definition
| amount of light an object reflects relative to its surroundings |
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Definition
| a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another |
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| what you see in the center is influenced by perceptual set (pictures of woman and sax player) |
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Definition
| explores how people and machines interact; explores how machine and physical environments can be adapted to human behaviors |
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| Extrasensory Perception (ESP) |
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Definition
| controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input |
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telepathy
clairvoyance
precognition
psychokinesis |
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Definition
| What are the different ESPs? |
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Definition
| mind to mind communication |
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| perceiving remote events; like sensing a friend's house is on fire |
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Definition
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| mind over matter; levitating a table or influencing the role of a die |
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| the grouping principle where we group nearby figures together |
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Definition
| the grouping principle where we group similar figures together |
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Definition
| the grouping principle where we perceive smooth, continuous patterns rather than discontinuous ones. |
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Definition
| the grouping pattern where we perceive each set of two dots and the line between them as a single unit because they are uniform and linked |
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Definition
| the grouping principle where we fill in gaps to create complete, whole objects. |
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