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Exam 3 - Chapter 6
Sensation and Perception
127
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
10/13/2010

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Term
Sensation
Definition
our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energy; mechanical process
Term
Perception
Definition
organizing and interpreting sensory information; enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events; what the information means to us and how we perceive it
Term
Bottom-Up Processing
Definition
information comes in through sense receptors to the brain's integration of sensory information
Term
Top-Down Processing
Definition
cortex sends signals to the CNS; higher level mental processes; constructing perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations
Term
Psychophysics
Definition
physical characteristics of stimuli and our psychological experience of them; what does it take to detect a change in something?
Term

 

light - brightness

 

sound - volume

 

pressure - weight

 

taste - sweetness

 

Definition
the stimuli of psychophysics
Term
Absolute Threshold
Definition
minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time
Term
Signal Detection Theory
Definition

Predicts how and when we detect the presence of faint stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise)

 

Uses absolute threshold to measure this

Term

experience

 

expectations

 

motivation

 

level of fatigue

Definition
detection depends partly on a person's . . .
Term
subliminal stimuli
Definition
stimuli below absolute threshold of conscious awareness
Term

it can affect how they perceive later stimuli

 

eg: negative pictures made people give nice pictures lower rating

Definition
how does detecting subliminal stimuli effect a person?
Term
Difference Threshold
Definition

minimum difference (at neuronal level) between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time

 

Just noticeable difference (JND)

Term
Weber's Law
Definition

to perceive as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage

 

Light intensity - 8%

 

weight - 2%

 

tone frequency - 0.3%

Term
Sensory adaptation
Definition
diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation; happens for every sensory modality; neurons don't fire as much or change as much
Term
saccadic eye movement
Definition
reason why we dont adapt to things in visual fields; constantly refreshes images on retina to ensure our neurons don't adapt
Term
transduction
Definition

conversion of one form of energy to another;

 

in sensation, transforming of stimulus energies into neural impulses

 

code signals --> send --> decode at source

Term

birds -- UV

 

snakes -- infrared

Definition
animals and what spectrums they can see
Term
about 400-700
Definition
How many nanometers of light can we see?
Term
amplitude
Definition
how much wave varies from the base line
Term
wave length
Definition
characteristic of a wave measured peak to peak
Term
frequency
Definition
number of times a wave passes a given point
Term
wavelength and amplitude
Definition
two characteristics that determine how we see different light
Term
only change brightness of the color, not the color itself
Definition
if only the amplitude is changed. . .
Term
the eye acts like a camera, front of the eye ball adjusts image to focus it on the retina optimally. a thin layer of cells on the retina takes info to the brain, mainly the cortex
Definition
how does the eye code information that will ultimately reach the visual cortex?
Term
cornea
Definition
light enters the eye and bends; covers cells on the retina and tunes cells
Term
pupil
Definition
adjustable opening (dilating and constricting) in the center of the eye; when it opens it focuses on a particular stimulus
Term
 iris
Definition
ring of muscle; forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil; controls the size of the pupil opening & the amount of light coming into the eye
Term
lens
Definition
transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to focus images on the retina; hard material that bends light as it comes into the eye
Term
ciliary muscle
Definition
muscle that adjusts the size of the lens to zoom in or out; near or far focus
Term
accomodation
Definition
eye's lens changes shape to help focus objects on the retina; this ability diminishes with age
Term
retina
Definition
the light sensitive inner surface of the eye; contains layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information; this is where light is changed into a neural impulse in the first of 5 layers of neurons (transduced)
Term
Acuity
Definition
sharpness of vision; can be diminished by changes in eye shape (cornea and lens)
Term
nearsightedness
Definition
nearby objects are seen better than distant objects; objects project in front of the retina; Myopia (eyeball too long)
Term
farsightedness
Definition
see faraway objects better than near objects; objects project behind the retina; hyperopia ( eye ball is too short)
Term
fixes the cornea; shave off part of the cornea and use a laser beam to correct the cornea then place the flap back
Definition
explain Lasik surgery
Term
rods
Definition
detect black and white and gray; see better in twilight and lowlight; more in peripheral retina
Term
cones
Definition
see fine detail and color vision; used well in daytime and with color vision; near the center of the retina for more detailed and fine images; focus on and transduce stimuli
Term

rods and cones   

to

bipolar cells

to

ganglion cells

Definition
how do neural impulses move through the retina?
Term
convergence
Definition
10 rods and cones might feed into 2 bipolar cells then 1 ganglion cell; a coming together
Term
optic nerve
Definition
neural impulses from the eye (retina) to the brain (visual cortex); creates a blind spot
Term
blind spot
Definition
where the optic nerve leaves the eye; this occurs because there are no receptor cells located there
Term
fovea
Definition
central point of the retina; receives a more precise signal; cones cluster here and there is a high acuity here
Term
occipital
Definition
visual cortex is in which lobe of the brain?
Term

right visual cortex

 

 

 

left visual cortex

Definition

left field of view goes to .....

 

 

 

 

right field of view goes to .....

Term
feature detectors
Definition
nerves cells in the brain that respond to specific features like shape, angle, and movement
Term
visual stimulus in development
Definition
what helps us form nerve cells that detect different types of lines
Term
parallel processing
Definition
simultaneous processing of several aspects of a problem simultaneously; visual cortex processes color by moving from the retina to the visual cortex
Term

trichromatic theory

 

 

 

 

Young and Helmholtz

Definition

theory that we have 3 different color receptors (cones); responses from these cones shape what colors we see

 

Red Green and Blue

 

Theory is by whom?

Term
combinations of responses from cones and rods
Definition
what gives us different shades of colors
Term
sex linked
Definition
color blindness is what kind of trait?
Term

Opponent-Process Theory

 

red -- green

 

blue -- yellow

 

black -- white

Definition
opposing processes in ganglion cells enable color vision; ganglion cells respond best to certain types of cells but when we remove the stimuli, they over process and over excite and sense the opposite perspective color; this allows us on ganglion level to process 3 colors
Term
audition
Definition
sense of hearing; sound waves change in frequency and amplitude
Term
pitch (synonymous with frequency)
Definition
tone's highness or lowness; depends on frequency
Term
loudness
Definition
depends on volume or amplitude
Term
decibel
Definition
measure of range by which we hear something
Term
outer ear
Definition
part of the ear that collects sound
Term
middle ear
Definition
part of the ear that transfers sound
Term
inner ear (cochlea)
Definition
part of the ear that transduces the sounds
Term
deafness
Definition
what is caused by damage to the cochlea?
Term
vibrates like a drum
Definition
what does the ear drum do when it is hit with a sound?
Term
tense up to protect the tympanic membrane and prevent sound from getting to the oval window
Definition
what do the ear muscles to when hit with sound?
Term
external ear - auditory canal- sends vibrations to the eardrum
Definition
how does sound move from the outer ear?
Term
from the eardrum to the cochlea
Definition
where does sound travel thru the middle ear?
Term
from the cochlea to the semicircular canals
Definition
where does sound travel thru the inner ear?
Term
ossicles
Definition
bones in the middle ear that concentrate the vibrations of the ear drum on the cochlea's oval window; smallest bones in the body
Term
cochlea
Definition
bony, coiled, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear; does the actual hearing; takes information through neurons which sense movement in the fluid then send signals thru the auditory nerve to the brain
Term
stirrup
Definition
bone from the middle ear connected to the oval window
Term
basilar membrane
Definition
membrane along the cochlea that has hair cells that feel vibrations that cause neural impulses
Term
Pinna
Definition
name for the outer ear that is shaped to collect sound and adjust to where the sound is
Term
to the thalamus and the cortex
Definition
where does the basilar membrane send its neural signals that were caused by the vibration of its hairs?
Term
hair cells that cochlea moves determines what frequency and amplitudes we hear
Definition
neural coding for frequency
Term
frequency theory
Definition
the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of the tone; doesnt hold over 1000x per second therefore no more 1:1 frequency firing
Term
place theory
Definition
links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated; always works; our neurons fire at integers of the frequencies.
Term
conduction hearing loss
Definition
caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea; happens acutely and suddenly; damage to the outer ear, middle, and eardrum; most common is loud sound damaged eardrum
Term
nerve hearing loss
Definition
caused by damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or to the auditory nerve; comes with age or overexposure to loud sounds.
Term
olfactory receptor cells
Definition
where does the transduction of smells occur?
Term
unique odors
Definition
combinations of neurons firing produce....
Term
neurogenesis
Definition
we continually produce new cells thru a process called
Term
we have classes of receptors that respond to classes of molecules (smells)
Definition
how do we smell
Term
cells die off and then we generate new ones
Definition
what happens if we smell something harmful?
Term
olfactory bulbs are relatively small in humans and primates
Definition
evolution of olfactory bulb size
Term
fluctuating assymmetry
Definition
greater symmetry means more attractive
Term
MHC (Majorhistcompatibility complex)
Definition
section of genes that predict a person's ammune profile; Women picked MHC complex most different from their own so this made offspring well prepared for life
Term
menstrual synchrony
Definition
isolate pheramones that predict a synchronization of menstrual cycle;there are pheramonal cues or relations; this study done by Martha McClentock
Term
olfactory bulb
Definition
The . . . is the gateway to the limbic system in terms of smell
Term
Memory and smell
Definition
from olfaction the smell goes through the amygdala straight to the hippocampus; there is no evidence that smell is closest sense to memory
Term
visual and auditory
Definition
which sensory cues are easiest to recall?
Term
pain receptors
Definition
which receptors carry signals the quickest to the brain?
Term
pressure, vibration, stretch, cold, warm, hot, and pain
Definition
we have specialized sensory receptors on the skin for what?
Term
removal from harmful stimuli and allevation from stress
Definition
why are pain receptors necessary for life?
Term
phantom limb sensations
Definition
pain is processed locally and by the brain; experience pain in a limb that was lost because the nerves are still intact after the loss
Term
gate-control theory
Definition
we have the ability to modulate pain perception because the spinal cord contains a neurological "gate"; This gate allows or blocks the pain signals to the brain; this blocks ascending pain signals to brain; the gate pathway is a descending pathway; the signal can be blocked at the spinal cord coming from the brain
Term
gestalt
Definition
an organized whole; tendancy to integrate pieces of info into meaningful wholes
Term
selective attention
Definition
focus of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus
Term
figure and ground
Definition
organization of the visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings
Term
semicircular canals
Definition
responsible for our sense of balance
Term
Gestalt principle of Grouping
Definition
the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli in coherent groups
Term

proximity

similarity

continuity

connectedness

closure

Definition
What are Gestalts Grouping Principles?
Term
depth perception
Definition

ability to see objects in three dimensions; this allows us to judge distance; dependent on binocular vision

 

Visual Cliff - Gibson & Walk

-- babies have innate ability to judge 3-D

Term
retinal desparity
Definition
images from the 2 eyes differ; the closer the object, the larger the difference; this is used for 3-D imagery; allows us to see depth
Term
convergence
Definition
neuromuscular cue; the two eyes move inward for near objects; dependent on binocular vision
Term
relative size
Definition
a monocular cue; smaller images appear more distant; distant images appear smaller
Term
interposition
Definition
monocular cue; closer objects block distant objects
Term
relative clarity
Definition
monocular cue; hazy object is seen as more distant
Term

coarse, distinct -- close

 

 

fine, indistinct -- distant

Definition
Textures (monocular cue)
Term
relative height
Definition
monocular cue; higher objects seen as more distant
Term
relative motion (motion parallax)
Definition
closer objects seem to move faster
Term
Linear perspective
Definition
monocular cue; parallel lines converge with distance
Term
Light and shadow
Definition
closer objects appear brighter; monocular cue
Term
motion perception
Definition
shrinking objects are retreating and enlarging objects are approaching; large objects appear to move slower than small objects
Term
perceptual constancy
Definition
perceiving objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal image change; this is true for color, shape and size
Term
lightness constancy
Definition
perceive an object as having constant lightness even as its illumination varies
Term
relative luminance
Definition
amount of light an object reflects relative to its surroundings
Term
perceptual set
Definition
a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another
Term
schemas
Definition
what you see in the center is influenced by perceptual set (pictures of woman and sax player)
Term
Human Factors Psychology
Definition
explores how people and machines interact; explores how machine and physical environments can be adapted to human behaviors
Term
Extrasensory Perception (ESP)
Definition
controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input
Term

telepathy

clairvoyance

precognition

psychokinesis

Definition
What are the different ESPs?
Term
telepathy
Definition
mind to mind communication
Term
clairvoyance
Definition
perceiving remote events; like sensing a friend's house is on fire
Term
precognition
Definition
perceiving future events
Term
psychokinesis
Definition
mind over matter; levitating a table or influencing the role of a die
Term
proximity
Definition
the grouping principle where we group nearby figures together
Term
similarity
Definition
the grouping principle where we group similar figures together
Term
continuity
Definition
the grouping principle where we perceive smooth, continuous patterns rather than discontinuous ones.
Term
connectedness
Definition
the grouping pattern where we perceive each set of two dots and the line between them as a single unit because they are uniform and linked
Term
closure
Definition
the grouping principle where we fill in gaps to create complete, whole objects.
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