Term
What are alternates names for
Pentose Phosphate Pathway? |
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Definition
-Hexose Monophosphate Shunt
-6-Phosphoroglucontate pathway |
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Term
Pentose Phosphate Pathway Products include: |
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Definition
•NADPH for reductive biosynthesis
-fatty acids and steroids
•Ribose-5-phosphate
-Nucleic Acids
•Glycolytic Intermediates
-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
-Fructose-6-phosphate |
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Term
Higher requirement for NADPH than ribose-5-phosphate |
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Definition
1) complete oxidation of G6P to CO2
2) resynthesis of G6P and ribulose-5-P. |
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Term
| Higher requirement for ribose-5-P than NADPH |
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Definition
G6P is converted to fructose-6-P and glyceraldehyde-3-P by glycolytic pathway |
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Term
| Pentose Phosphate Pathway has ...... stages |
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Definition
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Term
Pentose Phosphate Pathway Stage I |
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Definition
Decarboxylation of hexose to pentose yielding NADPH.
IRREVERSIBLE |
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Term
Pentose Phosphate
Pathway
Stage II |
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Definition
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Term
| Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase |
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Definition
•Catalyzes the first step in the pentose phosphate pathway
•Rate limiting step
•Uses NADP as a cofactor (reaction generates NADPH)
•Highly regulated by NADPH/NADP ratio |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
Primarily uses high energy electrons for biosynthesis:
–Fatty Acids
–Steroids |
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Definition
•Uses high energy electrons to make energy (ATP via oxidative phosphorylation) |
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Definition
•Provide high energy electrons for reductive
biosynthesis
•Used as a cofactor by enzymes that deal with
reactive oxygen species (ROS)
These functions cannot be replaced by NADH |
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Term
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Definition
I.) Superoxide Anion
II.) Hydrogen Peroxide
III.) Hydroxyl Radical |
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Term
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Definition
------produced biologically by a variety of reactions most notably by “leaky”mitochondrial electron transfer. Electrons can be Transferred from the reduced form of Coenzyme Q to oxygen, thus generating superoxide. |
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Definition
| produced by oxidase enzymes. Very toxic organic peroxides can be formed from 2e- reduction of O2 in compounds containing double bonds (unsaturated fatty acids). |
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Definition
produced from a metal catalyzed reaction of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide. Very reactive species that can take part
in free radical chain reactions. |
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Term
Glutathione: A Multifunctional Peptide |
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Definition
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Major cellular reductant and suflhydryl buffer
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conjugated to drugs to make them more soluble
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amino acid transport across membranes
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disulfide interchanges in proteins
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Term
| Cellular Defense Against Oxidative Stress |
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Definition
I.Superoxide Dismutase (SOD)-detoxifies superoxide
II. Catalase-heme containing peroxidase that detoxified H2O2
III. There are no known enzymatic systems that deal directly with hydroxyl radicals. Cells rely on the above two reactions to remove precursors to ROS> |
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Term
| Cu-ZnSOD (cytoplasmic enzyme) |
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Definition
enzyme deficiency leads to
severe progressive neurodegenerative disorder: Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) or Lou Gherig’s Disease |
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Definition
• Liver enzymes detoxify many nasty compounds:
-Drugs
-Steroids
-Alcohols
•These enzymes require NADPH as a cofactor. |
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Definition
is the most common disease causing enzymatic defect in humans (200 million people world wide) |
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Term
Hemolytic anemia can be precipitated by: |
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Definition
- oxidant drugs (e.g., primaquine)
- diet (fava beans)
- infection (induction of NADPH Oxidase).
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Term
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Definition
- Slightly decreased life span (complications from hemolysis).
•Many mutations alter G6PD function.
•Many alter the Km and Vmax of the enzyme
•Some mutations confer resistance to flaciparum malaria |
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Term
| Drugs that have effect on G6PD |
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Definition
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–e.g., sulfamethoxazole
–e.g. primaquine, chloroquine
–e.g. acetanilide |
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Term
| Drugs that has no effect on G6PD |
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Definition
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Definition
| conjugated to endogenous and exogenous compounds producing a strongly acidic compound that is more water soluble at physiological pH than its precursor |
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Term
Glucuronic Acid is
Important in: |
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Definition
–Drug detoxification
–Steroid excretion
–Bilirubin metabolism |
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