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| Alternative versions of a gene |
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| The greater resemblance of offspring to parents than to other individuals in the population, a consequence of the passing of characteristics from parents to offspring through their genes |
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| A breeding experiment in which organisms that differ in one or more traits are mated |
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| Describes an allele that masks the phenotypic effect of the other, recessive, allele for a trait; the phenotype shows the effect of the dominant allele in both homozygous and heterozygous genotypes |
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| Describes the genotype of a trait for which the two alleles an individual carries differ from each other |
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| Describes the genotype of a trait for which the two alleles are the same |
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| Mendel's Law of Segregation |
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| During the formation of gametes, the two alleles for a gene separate, so that half the gametes carry one allele, and half of the gametes carry the other |
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| The genes that an organism carries for a particular trait; also, collectively, an organism's genetic composition |
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| The manifested structure, function, and behaviors of an individual; the expression of the genotype of an organism |
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| A diagram showing the possible outcomes of a cross between two individuals; the possible crosses are shown in the manner of a multiplication table. |
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| A trait that is determined by instructions on only one gene; examples are a cleft chin, a widow's peak, and unattached earlobes |
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| Describes a population of organisms in which, for a given trait, the offspring of crosses of individuals within the population always show the same trait |
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| Describes an allele whose phenotypic effect is masked by a dominant allele for a trait |
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| In genetics, a type of family tree that maps the occurrence of a trait in a family, |
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| The case in which the heterozygote has a phenotype intermediate between those of the two homozygotes; an example is pink snapdragons, whose appearance is intermediate between homozygous for white flowers and homozygous for red flowers |
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| An individual who carries one allele for a recessive trait and who does not exhibit the trait; if two carriers mate they may produce offspring who do exhibit the trait |
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| The case in which the heterozygote displays characteristics of both alleles |
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| Genes that are close to each other on a chromosome, and so are more likely than others to be inherited together |
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| Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment |
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Definition
| Allele pairs for different genes separate independently in meiosis, so the inheritance of one trait generally does not influence the inheritance of another trait (the exception, unknown to Mendel, occurs with linked genes) |
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| Effects from alleles of multiple genes that all contribute to the ultimate phenotype for a given characteristic |
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| The case in which a single gene has more than two possible alleles |
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| A trait controlled by a gene on a sex chromosome |
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| A mating in which a homozygous recessive individual is bred to an individual of unknown genotype that shows the dominant phenotype; this type of cross can reveal the unknown genotype by the observed characteristics, or phenotype, of the offspring |
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| Describes a trait that is influenced by multiple different genes |
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| A phenomenon in which an individual gene influences multiple traits |
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