Term
| What is the primary dietary source of glucose for humans? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the primary storage form of glucose for humans? |
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Definition
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Term
| What salivary and pancreatic enzyme is responsible for initial digestion of carbohydrates? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Breakdown of fats with the production of ketones through the TCA cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| Acetyl CoA enters the TCA cycle and ATP, CO2 and water are made |
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Term
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Definition
| Endproduct is NADPH; important energy source in RBCs |
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Term
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Definition
| Conversion of glucose into the storage form |
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Term
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Definition
| Production of pyruvate / lactate during oxygen depletion |
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Term
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Definition
| Breakdown of glycogen back into glucose |
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Term
| What is the only hormone that will lower blood glucose levels, and where is it produced? |
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Definition
| Insulin, made in the pancreas |
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Term
| What primary hormone raises glucose levels, and where is it produced? |
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Definition
| Glucagon, made in the pancreas |
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Term
| Which hormone is capable of raising glucose levels most rapidly, and where is it produced? |
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Definition
| Adrenaline (epinephrine), adrenal gland |
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Term
| The ingestion of excess carbohydrate will lead to the production and storage of what type of compound? |
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Definition
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Term
| List the reference range for fasting serum glucose. |
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Definition
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Term
| How will ranges be affected if whole blood is tested? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the preferred anticoagulant for testing whole blood and color of collection tube? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the preferred anticoagulant for plasma testing and color of collection tube? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens to glucose levels after one hour if unpreserved whole blood is left to sit? |
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Definition
| Levels may decrease 10-12% per hour |
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Term
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Definition
May be transient
Interference from lactogen |
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Term
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Definition
Obesity and sedentary lifestyle
Adult onset
Strongest genetic connection
Includes most cases of diabetes |
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Term
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Definition
Autoimmune
Insulin dependent
Acute onset of polydipsia and polyuria |
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Term
| What causes excess ketone production in diabetes? |
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Definition
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Term
| List several metabolic complications seen in diabetes |
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Definition
| Renal and heart dz, vascular dz, blindness |
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Term
| What constitutes "hypoglycemia"? |
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Definition
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Term
| List the primary causes of hypoglycemia. |
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Definition
| Insulin shock due to overdose or insulin-producing tumor |
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Term
According to the ADA, what criteria is diagnostic for diabetes when testing:
A fasting serum or plasma |
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Definition
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Term
According to the ADA, what criteria is diagnostic for diabetes when testing:
A random serum or plasma |
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Definition
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Term
According to the ADA, what criteria is diagnostic for diabetes when testing:
A 2-hour postprandial sample |
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Definition
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Term
| HbA1C is an indicator of glucose control for what preceding time period? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the specimen requirement for HbA1C testing? |
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Definition
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Term
| What conditions can cause a falsely decreased HbA1C? |
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Definition
| hemolytic anemias, blood loss, alcohol, lead and some drugs |
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Term
| What is microalbumin and what is the purpose of performing this test? |
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Definition
| Small levels of albumin not detected by urine dipstick; may indicate early renal dz |
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Term
List the two primary methodologies used to measure serum glucose.
Include those substances known to cause interference. |
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Definition
Glucose oxidase; BUN, uric acid and bilirubin interfere
Hexokinase; bilirubin |
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Term
| Exogenous fats are those derived from what source? |
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Definition
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Term
| Endogenous fats are those derived from what source? |
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Definition
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Term
| A fatty acid that contains NO double bonds is classified as saturated or unsaturated? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which type of fat is more easily excreted? |
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Definition
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Term
| What class of fats has a steroid alcohol base? |
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Definition
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Term
| What class of fats is composed of fatty acids plus glycerol? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of fats are products of man-made manipulation of oils to solids? |
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Definition
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Term
Lung surfactants
Principle component of most cell membranes |
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Definition
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Term
| Cell membranes of brain and CNS |
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Definition
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Term
Steroid hormone and vitamin D precursor
Component of bile acids |
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Definition
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Term
| Regulates renin secretion |
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Definition
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Term
Primary storage form of fat
Broken down under the influence of lipase enzyme |
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Definition
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Term
| No good function that we know of |
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Definition
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Term
| Building blocks that contribute to production of acetyl CoA |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the protein portion of the lipoprotein molecule called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What abnormal lipoprotein is associated with CHD at an early age? |
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Definition
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Term
Made in the intestines in response to food ingestion
Causes a milky layer on serum after meals
Carries exogenous Tg to tissues |
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Definition
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Term
Excess leads to plaques and clogged arteries
"Bad" cholesterol |
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Definition
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Term
Contains the highest percentage of protein
Transports cholesterol to liver for excretion |
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Definition
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Term
| Transports Tg from liver to tissues |
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Definition
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Term
Foam cells-->fatty streaks-->plaques
Leading cause of death in U.S. |
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Definition
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Term
Major cause of pancreatitis
Increase of glycerol-based lipids
GGT and beta-gamma bridging |
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Definition
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Term
Inc TG, chol, and LDL
Microalbuminuria |
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Definition
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Term
Inc. TG and chol,
Dec. albumin
Massive proteinuria and oval fat bodies |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
LDL receptor problem
Cause of early onset heart disease |
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Definition
| Familial hypercholesterolemia |
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Term
| Name the enzyme needed to break cholesterol esters into free cholesterol particles. |
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Definition
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Term
| List the most common interfering factors in the cholesterol test. |
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Definition
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Term
| List specimen requirements for TG and chol. |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the enzyme needed to break TG into fatty acids and glycerol. |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the homogeneous method of HDL quantitation. |
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Definition
| Selective enzymes block non-HDL lipids; reagent reacts with free HDL |
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Term
| Which of the NPNs is the best indicator of liver dysfunction? |
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Definition
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Term
| What test is commonly used as an indicator of GFR? |
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Definition
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Term
| List the 3 most common causes of an elevated uric acid. |
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Definition
| Gout, chemo/irradiation, renal dz |
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Term
| Which NPN is elevated in Reye's syndrome? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Increased BUN with renal failure |
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Term
For each of the following, identify it as a prerenal, renal, or postrenal cause of an elevated BUN:
Kidney stone |
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Definition
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Term
For each of the following, identify it as a prerenal, renal, or postrenal cause of an elevated BUN:
Glomerular disease |
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Definition
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Term
For each of the following, identify it as a prerenal, renal, or postrenal cause of an elevated BUN:
Congestive heart failure |
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Definition
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Term
For each of the following, identify it as a prerenal, renal, or postrenal cause of an elevated BUN:
Bladder tumor |
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Definition
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Term
For each of the following, identify it as a prerenal, renal, or postrenal cause of an elevated BUN:
High protein diet |
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Definition
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Term
Match the NPN with the source:
Muscle metabolism |
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Definition
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Term
Match the NPN with the source:
Purine metabolism |
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Definition
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Term
Match the NPN with the source:
Protein metabolism |
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Definition
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Term
| Which NPN is adversely affected by fluoride and citrate in the sample? |
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Definition
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Term
| Picric acid in an alkaline environment. Name the reaction and the analyte being measured. |
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Definition
| Jaffe reaction for creatinine |
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Term
| List special handling requirements for ammonia analysis. |
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Definition
| Put tube on ice immediately after collecting; spin @ 4 C, test ASAP or keep on ice. |
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Term
Match the function with its primary site or action:
Initial filtration of blood
Blood retention of proteins and cells |
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Definition
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Term
Match the function with its primary site or action:
Reabsorption of most water, glucose and amino acids
Secretion of non-filterable wastes |
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Definition
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Term
Match the function with its primary site or action:
Na reabsorbed under the influence of aldosterone
Water reabsorption under the influence of ADH |
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Definition
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Term
| Na reabsorbed under the influence of? |
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Definition
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Term
| Water reabsorption under the influence of? |
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Definition
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Term
| In order to maintain electrical neutrality, what 2 analytes will be excreted when Na is reabsorbed? |
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Definition
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Term
| What two analytes are excreted or reabsorbed to help maintain blood pH? |
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Definition
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Term
| In response to a decrease in blood pressure or volume, the kidneys secrete the hormone ____, which stimulates the production of angiotensin. |
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Definition
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Term
| Angiotensin stimulates the adrenal gland to secrete the hormone |
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Definition
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Term
| Aldosterone then causes the renal tubules to reabsorb the analyte |
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Definition
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Term
| An increase in sodium causes the plasma osmolality to: |
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Definition
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Term
| In response to an increased osmolality, the pituitary gland secretes |
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Definition
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Term
| ADH in turn causes the tubules to reabsorb |
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Definition
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Term
| After ADH causes reabsorption of water, the blood volume/pressure will then |
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Definition
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Term
U Cr = 105mg/dL
U vol = 950 mL
S Cr = 1.5mg/dL
Time = 24 hours
BSA = 1.95 m2
What is the Creatinine Clearance? |
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Definition
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Term
U Cr = 105mg/dL
U vol = 950 mL
S Cr = 1.5mg/dL
Time = 24 hours
BSA = 1.95 m2
What is the Corrected Creatinine Clearance? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a normal average GFR for adults? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are advantages of the eGFR and cystatin C as compared to a traditional creatinine clearance? |
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Definition
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Term
| What urine dipstick result is considered the best indicator of renal disease? |
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Definition
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Term
What cell and cast type is consistent with:
Renal failure |
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Definition
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Term
What cell and cast type is consistent with:
Acute glomerulonephritis |
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Definition
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Term
What cell and cast type is consistent with:
Pyelonephritis |
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Definition
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Term
What cell and cast type is consistent with:
Nephrotic syndrome |
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Definition
| RTE, oval fat bodies, fatty casts and cholesterol crystals |
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Term
| What substance in plasma contributes the most to osmolality? |
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Definition
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Term
| Would the urine of someone with diabetes mellitus have a dipstick SG that is increased, decreased or normal? |
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Definition
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Term
| Would the urine of someone with diabetes mellitus have a refractometer SG that is increased, decreased or normal? |
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Definition
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Term
| What test is used as an early indicator of renal disease in diabetics? |
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Definition
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Term
| In someone who is deficient in ADH (diabetes insipidus), would the SG of the urine be increased, decreased or normal? |
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Definition
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Term
| In someone who is deficient in ADH (diabetes insipidus), would the Urine Volume be increased, decreased or normal? |
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Definition
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