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Exam 2- Special Senses
Exam 2- Special Senses
33
Physiology
Undergraduate 3
02/23/2011

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Cards

Term
What are the 5 Special Senses and where are they located?
Definition

  1. Taste- taste buds
  2. Smell- Olfactory Epithelium
  3. Equilibrium- inner ear
  4. Hearing- inner ear
  5. Sight- eye

Term
What is the Olfactory Epithelium?
Definition
A layer of epithelium about 3cm2 that is covered with Chemoreceptors that detects smell.
Term
Olfactory Receptor Neurons are __o SN.
Definition
1- Primary
Term
Describe the general tract that a "smell" takes and where it synapses.
Definition

1)1o SN (Olfactory Cells)

2) Synapse in Olfactory Bulb with a Interneuron

3)Interneuron synapses in the Olfactory Cortex with an effector.

Term
How many olfactory receptors do we have?
Definition

Only 350:  Each SN contains only

ONE type of receptor

 

(however it is much like the alphabet-there are thousands of ways to but them together)

Term

Smell receptors are ___-__________

___________ Receptors.

Definition

G-Protein Coupled Receptors

(GPCRs)

Term
How does a smell receptor GPCR work?
Definition

 

  1. Odorant binds with an Odorant Receptor (OR)
  2. G-Protein located on OR breaks and moves to Adenylate Cylase (AC)
  3. When the alpha portion of the G-Protein binds with AC, AC dephosphorolates ATP into cAMP
  4. cAMP binds to a Na+/Ca2+ channel and opens it
  5. Na+ and Ca2+ come into the cell, depolarizing it and sending a signal

 

Term
____________ cells are NOT sensory neurons.
Definition
Taste Cells- they are modified neurons called sensory receptors
Term
If a taste cell is activated and a signal is sent to the brain, which 2 nerves could be used?
Definition

Glossopharyngeal Nerve (9) or the Facial Nerve (7).

 

It just depends on which type of taste bud was stimulated.

Term
What are the 5 different taste receptors?
Definition

 

  1. Salty
  2. Sour
  3. Sweet
  4. Umami (detects proteins-meaty taste)
  5. Bitter

 

Term
How does a Salty Taste Receptor work?
Definition
Na+ enters through Na+ channels causing a depolarization.  The depol opens Ca2+ voltage gated (VG) channels which releases NT.  The NT stimulates the 1o SN and a AP begins.
Term
How does a Sour Taste Receptor work?
Definition

 

H+ diffuses causing a depolarization.  The depol opens Ca2+ voltage gated (VG) channels which releases NT.  The NT stimulates the 1o SN and a AP begins.

 

Term
Which two taste receptors are GPCR's?
Definition
Sweet and Umami
Term
How do Sweet and Umami Receptors work?
Definition

  1. A sugar (sweet) or glutamate (umami) binds to a GPCR
  2. a second messenger is released
  3. K+ channels close
  4. Depolarization
  5. NT released
  6. Received by Primary Sensory Nerve

Term
How does a Bitter receptor work?
Definition

  1. Quinine binds to a GPCR
  2. 2nd messenger
  3. Ca++ released from the Endoplasmic Reticulum
  4. NT release
  5. Received by Primary Sensory Nerve

Term
What is the general pathway a signal takes from a taste receptor?
Definition

  1. Taste Receptor
  2. Synapses in tongue
  3. Primary SN
  4. Synapse in Medulla Oblongata
  5. Secondary SN
  6. Synapse in Thalamus
  7. Tertiary SN
  8. Synapse in Gustatory Cortex
  9. Interneurons
  10. Taste detected

Term
Where are the Utricle and the Saccule located and what is there function?
Definition

Located in the bulb of the vestibule.

 

They sense vertical (linear) acceleration.

Term
The sense of rotational acceleration is detected by the ________________ ________________.
Definition
Semicircular Canals
Term
The Membranous Labyrinth is located where? 
Definition
In the Semicircular canals inside the bony labyrinth. 
Term
What is inside the Membranous Labyrinth?
Definition
Perilymph and Endolymph 
Term
What is the concentration of Na and K in Perilymph?
Definition

HIGH Na

LOW K

Term
What is the concentration of Na and K in Endolymph?
Definition

LOW Na

HIGH K

Term
What are the two different kinds of "hairs" on a hair cell?
Definition

The Stereocilia (the majority) and

the Kinocilium (one large hair)

 

Term
Hair Cells are ___________ depolarized and _____________ firing.
Definition
ALWAYS
Term
If movement causes the hair cells to bend towards the Kinocilium, what occurs?
Definition

A depolarization because K+ channels open

 

Stimulated

Term
If movement  causes the hair cells to bend away from the Kinocilium, what happens?
Definition
K+ channels close and it is Inhibited.
Term
Where is the Otolith Organ located?
Definition
In the Saccule and Utricle in the endolymph of the Membranous labyrinth.
Term
Describe what the Otolith Organ does.
Definition
It is layers of epithelial cells with hair cells imbedded in the gelatinous membrane.  There are Otolith Crystals (Ca++ crystals) in the Otolith membrane.  These crystals give the gelatinous material weight.  When there is movement, the gelatinous material sags and the sag is detected by the hair cells.
Term
What is the Cupula and where is it located?
Definition
It senses rotational acceleration in the ampula of the semicircular canals.
Term
How does the Cupula detect rotational acceleration?
Definition
The Cupula is a gelatinous membrane connected to two membranes (above and below it).  Movement of Endolymph makes the cupula move which causes K+ to open, depolarizing the cell and creating an Action Potential.  
Term
What part of the brain intragates acceleration?
Definition
The Cerebellum
Term
Why can having an increased amount on Endolymph in the Cupula lead to dizziness, buzzing and hearing loss?
Definition
Because of the increased pressure
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