Term
| where is the plasma membrane |
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Definition
| usually the outermost barrier of the cell |
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Term
| what does the plasma membrane do? |
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Definition
| contains the cell but still allows the cell to interact with the environment |
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Term
functions of the plasma membrane:
IBECA |
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Definition
-isolate the cell environment
-regulate exchange between inside and outside
-communicate with other cells
-regulate biochemical reactions
-create attachments with other cells |
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Term
| factors which influence fluidity of membranes |
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Definition
| lipid composition and temperature |
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Term
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Definition
| a protein that regulates the movement of water soluble molecules through the plasma membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| forms a channel or pore that is usually permeable to one or two a few water-soluble molecules, especially ions |
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Term
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Definition
| like selective revolving doors- facilitates the diffusion of specific substances across the membrane. the molecule to be transported binds to the outer surface of the carrier protein; the protein then changes shape, allowing the molecule to move across the membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| located in a membrane or the cytoplasm, that binds to specific molecules, triggering a response in the cell, such as endocytosis, changes in metabolic rate, cell division, or electrical changes |
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Term
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Definition
| a protein protruding from the outside surface of a plasma membrane that identifies a cell as belonging to a particular species, to a specific individual of that species, and in many cases to one specific organ within the individual |
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Term
| movement of molecules requires two factors |
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Definition
1. movement must be through a fluid
2. there must be a concentration gradient |
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Term
| molecules in a fluid always move |
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Definition
| if there is a concentration gradient then the movement has a specific direction |
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Term
| define concentration gradient |
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Definition
| the graduated difference in concentration of a solute per unit distance through a solution |
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Term
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Definition
| movement down a concentration gradient aka diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| the net movement of a substance down a concentration gradient; movement from greater to lower concentration; the greater the concentration difference, the faster the diffusion; movement continues until equilibrium is accomplished; usually occurs over short differences |
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Term
| define facilitated diffusion |
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Definition
| diffusion across a membrane with the help of a protein barrier which proteins bind and release specific molecules |
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Term
| define selectively permeable |
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Definition
| biological membranes which allows some substances to cross more easily than others |
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Term
| 2 ways to diffuse through a selectively permeable membrane |
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Definition
| simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion |
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Term
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Definition
| the passive transport of water across a differentially permeable membrane |
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Term
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Definition
1. diffusion of water across a differentially permeable membrane
2. water moves from high to low concentration
3. dissolved substances decrease the amount of free water molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| an energy-requiring process during which a transport protein pumps a molecule across a membrane against its concentration gradient |
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Term
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Definition
| the transport of large molecules aka the cellular uptake of large molecules and particulate substances by the localized pinching off of a region of the plasma membrane to form a vesicle |
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Term
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Definition
1. phagocytosis
2. pinocytosis
3. receptor-mediated endocytosis |
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Term
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Definition
| the endocytosis of solid particles |
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Term
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Definition
| the endocytosis of fluid droplets |
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Term
| define receptor-mediated endocytosis |
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Definition
| the process of importing specific macromolecules into the cell by the inward budding of vesicles formed from coated pits, occurs in response to the binding of specific nutrients to receptors on the cell's surface |
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Term
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Definition
| the cellular secretion of large molecules by the fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane; moves material out of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| energy stored in matter because of its position or location |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| first law of thermodynamics |
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Definition
| energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed |
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Term
| second law of thermodynamics |
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Definition
| every energy transfer or transformation makes the universe more disordered |
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Term
| 2 types of chemical reactions |
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Definition
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Term
| define exergonic reactions |
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Definition
| release energy; reaction is energetically downhill; spontaneous reaction |
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Term
| define endergonic reactions |
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Definition
| reactions that are energy-requiring; reaction is energetically downhill; non-spontaneous reaction (requires an energy source) |
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Term
| which chemical reaction requires an activation energy |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the amount of energy that reactant molecules must absorb to start a reaction |
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Term
4 processes in metabolism
UCSE |
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Definition
1. uptake of matter and energy
2. conversion to usable form
3. synthesis of cellular materials
4. elimination of waste products |
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Term
| two types of metabolic pathways |
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Definition
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Term
| define catabolic pathways |
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Definition
| release energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds |
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Term
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Definition
| consume energy to build complicated molecules from simpler ones |
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Term
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Definition
| speed up metabolic reactions by lowering energy barriers |
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Term
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Definition
| substances which enzymes act on |
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Term
| define feedback inhibition |
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Definition
| the regulation of a metabolic pathway by its end product, which inhibits an enzyme within the pathway |
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Term
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Definition
| specific receptor sites on some part of the enzyme molecules other than the active site |
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Term
| define competitive inhibitors |
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Definition
| chemicals that resemble an enzyme's normal substrate and compete with it for the active site |
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Term
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Definition
| trapped and stored as chemical energy in the bonds of organic molecules |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| chloroplasts are the site |
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Definition
| of photosynthesis in plants |
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Term
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Definition
| primarily in the mesophyll (in the leaf interior) |
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Term
| what do chloroplasts contain? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are thylakoids and what do they contain? |
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Definition
| flattened membranous sacs inside the chloroplast; they contain chlorophyll |
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Term
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Definition
| fluid-filled space outside the thylakoids and inside the inner chloroplasts membrane |
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Term
| define light-dependent reactions |
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Definition
| the reaction of photosynthesis that converts light energy to chemical bond energy in ATP and NADPH |
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Term
| where do light-dependent reactions take place? |
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Definition
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Term
| where do light-independent reactions take place? |
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Definition
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Term
| what do light-independent reactions do? |
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Definition
| transform light energy to chemical energy |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| ATP is generated to chemiosmosis |
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Term
| photosynthesis ___________ energy |
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Definition
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Term
| glycolysis and cellular respiration ___________ energy |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| glycolysis and cellular respiration |
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Term
| 2 characteristics of glycolysis |
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Definition
| does not require oxygen and generates 2 atp |
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Term
| where does glycolysis occur |
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Definition
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Term
| where does cellular respiration occur |
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Definition
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Term
| where does fermentation occur |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 2 pyruvate molecules and 2 atp |
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Term
| cellular respiration products |
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Definition
| 2 pyruvate+6o2+6co2+6h2o and 34-36 atp |
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Term
| process of cellular respiration |
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Definition
1. matrix reactions
2. electron transport chain
3. chemiosmosis |
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Term
| where do matrix reactions occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| what happens in the matrix reactions |
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Definition
| formation of acetyl-CoA and krebs cycle |
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Term
| where does the electron transport chain occur |
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Definition
| inner membrane of the mitochondrion |
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Term
| _______ is the _________ at the end of the electron transport chain |
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Definition
| oxygen; final electron receptor |
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Term
| what is the final product of the electron transport chain |
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Definition
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Term
| the ______ created by the electron transport chain is used to make _______ |
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Definition
| H+ concentration gradient; ATP |
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Term
| H+ are pumped out of the ____________ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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