Term
| carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus |
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Definition
| five elements make up 93-97% of biomass |
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Term
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Definition
| feed on dead and or decaying organic material(high in carbon and energy, poor in nitrogen |
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Term
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Definition
| consume plants, low nitrogen concentration and must overcome plant physical and chemical defenses |
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Definition
| consume nutritionally rich prey, must overcome prey defenses |
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Term
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Definition
| what elements are short in supply for many organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| needed to make amino acids (proteins) |
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Term
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Definition
| convert N into a useable compounds, Ammonia NH3 or nitrate NO3, by cyanobacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| what organism lives in a pitcher plant? |
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Term
| scurvy (anemia, gum disease, skin hemorrhages- sailors on long voyages) |
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Definition
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Term
| rickets (softening of bones in children) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| narrow tolernace range (specialist) |
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Term
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Definition
| broad tolerance range (generalist) |
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Term
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Definition
| the physical conditions under which a species might live in the absence of interactions with other species |
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Term
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Definition
| the actual niche of a species whose distribution is restricted by biotic interactions such as competition, predation, disease, and parasitism |
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Term
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Definition
| organisms that obtain their energy from inorganic sources |
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
| energy from oxidation of inorganic compounds |
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Term
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Definition
| organisms unable to manuacture their own food from inorganic materials and thus rely on other organisms, living and dead, as their source of energy |
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Term
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Definition
| absorbs light as photons (particles of lights) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| parent rock fragments, water, minerals and organic compounds |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| finely ground organic matter, produced as organisms decay |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| nearly equal parts of all three particle sizes |
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Term
| climate, partent material, age, topography, living organisms |
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Definition
| soil development is influenced by five factors |
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Term
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Definition
| the side or surface facing a particular direction |
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Term
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Definition
| why do southfacing slopes get more sunlight htan north facing slopes? |
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Term
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Definition
| plants accuulate toxic metals in their tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| hyperaccumulators can be planted to remove toxic metals from soils |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of individuals of the same species occupying a particular area at the same time |
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Term
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Definition
| density and spacing of individuals, proportions of individuals of varying ages, mating system, genetics |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the number of indivudals per unit area |
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Term
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Definition
| population density without regard to habitable area or variation in habitat quality |
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Term
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Definition
| population density measured only in appropraite habitat |
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Term
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Definition
| method used for measuring absolute density of small populations, all indivudals being marked, endangered species (large mammals or birds) |
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Term
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Definition
| method used for measuring density of sessile organisms, density determined in plot |
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Term
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Definition
| sample of indivudals collected and individuals ar emarked, marked aimals are released back and allowed to mix. second sample collected, marked and unmarked animals are counted. used to determine population density |
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Term
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Definition
| the spacing of indivudals in a population with respect to one another |
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Term
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Definition
| indivudals distributed independently of others, homogeneous habitat, no social structure |
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Term
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Definition
| indivudals in discrete groups, social system, clumped resources, progeny remain near parents |
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Term
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Definition
| individuals maintain minimum distance from one another, direct competition for limited resources and or territory |
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Term
| habitat destruction, deforestation, agriculture, urbanization, roads |
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Definition
| five causes of population fragmentation |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of indivudals away from centers of population desnity |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of indivudals between subpopulations |
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Term
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Definition
| migration in which they are leaving |
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Term
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Definition
| migration in which they are entering |
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Term
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Definition
| set of subpopulations occurring in different patches of habitat that are interconnected by occasional exchange of individuals |
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Term
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Definition
| extinction at the local level |
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Term
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Definition
| differences in quality of suitable habitat patches |
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Term
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Definition
| abundant resources, births>deaths, surplus offpsring disperse to other patches |
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Term
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Definition
| scarce resources, deaths>births, pops maintained by immigration |
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Term
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Definition
| static description of a pop^n: how many? age? size? sex ratio? spatial distribution? |
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Term
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Definition
| changes through time (rates); births, deaths, immigration, emigration |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of same-aged individuals that are followed from birth to death |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of individuals of a particular age |
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Term
| pre-reproductive (juvenile), reproductive, post-reproductive |
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Definition
| three ecological age classes |
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Term
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Definition
| study of the age structure and growth rate of populations |
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Term
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Definition
| number of offpsring per reproductive episode |
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Term
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Definition
| based on a gropu of individuals born at the same time-requires following group through entire life |
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Term
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Definition
| composition of pop^n during a single time interval-requires some means of determining ages of individuals |
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Term
| survivorship, lx=nx (number surviving this year)/n0 (total number born) |
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Definition
| (proportion surviving)- divide the number of indivudals in an age class by the total number that were born, |
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Term
| age-specific mortality rate, qx=dx(number dying)/nx(number surviving) |
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Definition
| divide the number that die by the number that survived |
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Term
| assumptions of static life tables |
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Definition
| equal numbers of offspring are born each year, often difficult to estimate the birth rates at each age class |
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Term
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Definition
| a graphical representation of the number of indivudals alive in a paopulation at various ages |
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Term
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Definition
| die off late in life- humans |
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Term
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Definition
| die off at a uniform rate- birds, reptiles, prey species |
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Term
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Definition
| die off at a young age- bugs, fish, marine invertebrates |
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Term
| age-specific fetrility rate |
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Definition
| proportion of female offspring that are born to females of reproductive age |
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Term
| overall population growth rate |
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Definition
| lxmx column (survivorship multiplied by age specific fertility), average number of offspring per female |
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Term
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Definition
| mean period between birth of females and birth of their offspring |
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Term
| growth rate per generation |
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Definition
| number of fofspring born to all females of all ages in that generation |
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Term
| net reproductive rate, R0 |
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Definition
| average number of females that will be left during a lifetime by a newborn female |
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| when a population breeds seasonally (often once a year) |
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Term
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Definition
| when a population reproduces almost continuously and generations overlap |
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Term
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Definition
| percent annual growth; the finite rate of population change over a given time interval (often a year) |
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Term
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Definition
| net reproductive rate per generation |
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Term
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Definition
| instantaneous growth rate (exponential growth rate) |
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Term
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Definition
| upper boundary for population size |
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Term
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Definition
| difference in the availability of resources and time of reproduction, can result in population overshooting K |
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Term
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Definition
| population approaches k and stabilizes |
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Term
| r esceeds 1 but is less than 2 |
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Definition
| population exhibitis damped oscillation |
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Term
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Definition
| population may exhibit limit cycle (stable oscillations), very high r0, chaos |
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Term
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Definition
| all members of the population are equally affected by density |
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Term
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Definition
| some individuals claim enough resources while denying others their share |
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Term
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Definition
| common in insects and other invertebrates, live for a period before reproducing once and dying |
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Term
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Definition
| common in vertebrates and perennial plants, much variation occurs in the number of reproductive events and number of offspring per event |
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Term
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Definition
| have distinct breeding seasons (birds, mammals, temperate forest trees) |
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Term
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Definition
| idividuals reproduce repeatedly and at any time of the year 9many parasites, some primates) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| advanced physical state, eyes open, can move around almost immediately |
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Term
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Definition
| resource shortage, unfavorable temperatures, etc |
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Term
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Definition
| grazing, fire, wind, disease, erosion, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| weeds, low stress, high disturbance, low competition |
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Term
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Definition
| trees, low stress, low distribution, high competition |
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Term
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Definition
| cacti, high stress, low disturbance, high competition |
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Term
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Definition
| shared by all members, triggered by stimulus, stereotypical pattern: courtship, defense |
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Term
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Definition
| not shared by all members of group, has adaptive value |
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Term
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Definition
| murdering children that are not your own |
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Term
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Definition
| benefit others at a cost to oneself |
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Term
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Definition
| total number of copies of genes passed on through one's relatives, as well as ones own reproductive output |
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Term
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Definition
| behavior that lowers an individuals own fitness but enhances the reproductive success of a relative |
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Term
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Definition
| rB>C, r=coefficient of relatedness of the donor (the altruist) to the recipient, B=benefit received by the recipient, C= cost incurred by the donor |
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Term
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Definition
| mostly in social insects, hymenoptera. have non-reproductive castes. vast majority of females(workers) help the one reproducitive remale (queen) raise offspring. |
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Term
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Definition
| females are more related to their sisters than their own offspring |
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Term
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Definition
| suggested it was the lifestylethat promotes eusociality in animals rather than genetics- ind are confined to burrows or nest, dominant idnividual, food is abundant |
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