Term
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Definition
| Resting Membrane Potential is -70mVo |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| There is a separation of opposite charges (EXCITATORY) |
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Term
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Definition
| Membrane potential is reduced, moves more + charges inside membrane (EXCITATORY) |
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Term
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Definition
| Membrane returns to RMP after depolarization (INHIBITORY) |
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Term
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Definition
| Potential is greater than RMP- More negative (Lower than -70mVO) (INHIBITORY) |
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Term
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Definition
| Brief, rapid reversals of membrane potential |
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Term
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Definition
| Localized changes in membrane potential |
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Term
| (NONDECREMENTAL-LONG DISTANCE COMMUNICATION) |
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Definition
| AP is as strong at bouton as where it started, and travels long distances |
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Term
| (decremental-SHORT DISTANC COMMUNICATION) |
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Definition
| GP has varying grades of magnitude, as it loses strength the further it goes |
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Term
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Definition
| Branches that are the receptive zone of the neuron |
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Term
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Definition
| Process where action potentials are generated down to other neurons |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Cone shaped process that connects the soma to the axon |
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Term
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Definition
| - Enlarged part of a axon where it forms synapse with another neuron |
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Term
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Definition
| Only in PNS; forms a myelin sheath around axon to increase speed of electrical transmission |
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Term
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Definition
| a small gap in the myelin sheath of a myelinated nerve fiber where the axonal membrane is uninsulated and therefore capable of generating electrical activity. Openings in the myelin sheath. |
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Term
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Definition
| Neuron either generates an AP or it doesn’t; either the threshold is reached and it generates an AP or nothing happens |
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Term
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Definition
| An AP jumping down a myelinated axon. It jumps down the Nodes of Ranvier and increases conduction speed |
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Term
| 2 factors that influence the rate of conduction |
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Definition
Whether the nerve fiber is myelinated or unmyelinated effects speed of a nerve impulse.
A myelinated nerve impulse is faster.
Also the diameter of the nerve fiber effects nerve impulse speed. |
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Term
| What factors would make the fastest speed of conduction |
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Definition
| Thicker Fiber and Myelinated |
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Term
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Definition
| The body's own immune system attacks and damages the myelin. When myelin is lost, the axons can no longer effectively conduct signals |
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Term
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Definition
| Excitatory post synaptic potentials (Na influx) |
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Term
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Definition
| Inhibitory post-synaptic potentials (Cl- influx) |
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Term
| Grand post-synaptic potential |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Method of signal transduction (Whether AP is generated or not) |
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Term
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Definition
Summation over time (frequency of neuron fired)
signal strength with more frequency |
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Term
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Definition
| Summation over space (multiple neurons fired) |
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Term
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Definition
| convey information from tissues and organs into the central nervous system and are sometimes also called sensory neurons. |
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Term
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Definition
| transmit signals from the central nervous system to the effector cells and are sometimes called motor neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| connect neurons within specific regions of the central nervous system. |
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Term
|
Definition
| acetylcholine –(auto) Somatic motor neurons (excitatory) |
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Term
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Definition
o Muscarinic receptors
o Nicotinic receptors |
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Term
|
Definition
Cardiac, smooth muscle, glands
G-protein operated channel
•Only ions pass through
•Alpha-beta-gamma complex
oOne of them activates the channel |
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Term
|
Definition
Brain, autonomic ganglia, skeletal muscle
Ligand-operated channel
5 polypeptide units
Form a chemically gated channel |
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Term
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Definition
Protein on postsynaptic membrane that works as an enzyme
Reacts to breakdown neurotransmitter |
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Term
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Definition
Regulates mood in behavior
Working in medulla & pons |
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Term
| Dopamine Epinephrine and norepinephrine |
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Definition
Cocaine, alcohol and nicotine
Motor control
Limbic system- Emotion-reward system |
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Term
| How much neural tissue is made up of neuroglial cells |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Form myelin sheath in PNS
Increase rate of conduction 50x |
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Term
|
Definition
| Support cells for cells for unipolar |
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Term
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Definition
Myelin sheath in CNS (white matter)
Conduction increases |
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Term
|
Definition
Phagocytosis
located in the Choroid plexus |
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Term
|
Definition
Line ventricles
Produce CSF |
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Term
|
Definition
Star shapped
Circulate CSF w/ Cilla
“nurse cells”
Formation of BBB |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Processes information and gives correct response |
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Term
|
Definition
Glial cells
Skull
Meninges |
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Term
|
Definition
surround neurons and hold them in place,
destroy pathogens and remove dead neurons. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Membranes between skull and brain
Protect the brain from hitting the skull |
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Term
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Definition
o Circulatory system for the brain
Delivers oxygen and nutrients to the brain
Takes wastes away and dumps into veins
o Brain floats on top (97% weight free) |
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Term
| Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) |
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Definition
o Forms tight junctions
Only allows polar molecules (hydrophobic: O2, CO2, hormones) through from blood to the brain
Keeps out viruses and bacteria that are in blood |
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Term
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Definition
| New pathways, long term memories are formed, changing the physical structure of the brain |
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Term
| Brainstem (Medulla Oblongata)functions: |
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Definition
1.Ascending and Descending nerve tracts
2.Cranial nerves 9-12 come off of it
3.Direct control of cardiovascular and respiratory system
4.Autonomic Reflexes |
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Term
| RAS (Reticular activating system) |
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Definition
| •responsible for regulating arousal and sleep-wake transitions |
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Term
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Definition
o NREM
Slow wave sleep
80% of sleep time
Have muscle tone, no dreaming, easily awakened by stimuli
Blood pressure and breathing decrease |
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Term
|
Definition
Brain makes long term learning
No muscle tone, dreaming, not easily awakened
Blood pressure and breathing rate increase |
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Term
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Definition
| neurological disorder caused by the brain's inability to regulate sleep-wake cycles normally |
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Term
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Definition
• Don’t get enough sleep or have poor quality of sleep
o Impairs functioning |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| o Initial processing of visual stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
o Sound, cochlea and cranial nerve sends electrical signals of sound
o Memories are connected |
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Term
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Definition
o Somatosensory system
skin, joint, muscle, tendon receptors |
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Term
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Definition
| Map of body regions, gives all sensations from receptors |
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Term
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Definition
Language comprehension
Both written and spoken |
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Term
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Definition
o Voluntary motor control (skeletal muscle)
o Speaking ability
o Language
o Personality
o Reasoning (reading, writing, math) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| part responsible for speaking ability (does talking for you) |
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Term
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Definition
• ElectroEncehalaloGram- measures electrical signals in brain (activity)
o Uses
Stages of sleep
Clinical tool
Legal tool |
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Term
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Definition
• Relay station for all sensory information
o EXCEPT SMELL |
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Term
|
Definition
• Links autonomic nervous system to the endocrine system
• Functions
o Controls body temp (98.6)
o Controls hunger
o Controls thirst & urine output
o Controls pituitary hormone secretion
o Produces ADH (Anti-duretic hormone) oxytocin
o Indirect control of cardiovascular system
o Emotional & behavioral patterns |
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Term
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Definition
• Ring of forebrain structures that surround the brain stem and connects structures by intricate neural pathways:
o Thalmus
o Hypothalmus
o Fornix
o Hippocampus
o Olfactory tract
o Amygdala
o Nuclei
• Center for basic emotional drives
• Feelings and behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
| • Acquirement of information (experience) |
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Term
|
Definition
o Lasts few seconds then is gone
o Rapid retrieval
o Limited storage
o 5-7 itmems |
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Term
|
Definition
o Information moved from short-term
Slower retrieval
Unlimited storage
Permanent structural changes
• Neural synapses change |
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Term
|
Definition
• 2 respiratory centers
o Rate & Depth per breath
o V – VIII cranial nerves connected |
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Term
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Definition
• Helps for maintenance of balance
• Enhances muscle tone (posture)
• Coordinates skilled, voluntary movements
o calibrate the detailed form of a movement |
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Term
| Dorsal root- (afferent root) |
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Definition
| • Carrying info into CNS (sensory) |
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Term
| Ventral root- (efferent root) |
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Definition
| • Efferent root- carries info out of CNS |
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Term
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Definition
| • Where dorsal and ventral roots merge |
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Term
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Definition
| • Communicates information from the nervous systems to the brain, or from the brain to the systems |
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Term
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Definition
| • provides the communication between the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system |
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Term
|
Definition
| unconscious, automatic motor response to a sensory stimulus |
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Term
|
Definition
oSimple
Unlearned
oAcquired
Learned |
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Term
|
Definition
Receptor
afferent pathway
intergrating center
efferent pathway
effector |
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Term
| Stimulus is not apart of the reflex arc |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
input adapts slowly to a stimulus, produces AP over duration of stimulus
Examples ( photoreceptors, mechanoreceptors) |
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Term
|
Definition
adapt rapidly to a stimulus. The response of the cell diminishes very quickly and then stops
Examples (odor, touch, temperature) |
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Term
|
Definition
| perceptions that an individual experiences relating to a limb or an organ that is not physically part of the body |
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Term
| How is receptor density related to receptor field size? |
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Definition
Inversely
Larger Receptor density= smaller receptor field size |
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Term
| Why does receptor density change across different parts of the body? |
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Definition
| Receptor density changes so we can differentiate stimuli in specific regions (fingers) and not get overloaded with sensory information whenever we touch things with other parts of the body |
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Term
|
Definition
| - plasma membrane of a muscle cell |
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Term
|
Definition
| cytoplasm (contains glycogen and myoglobin and higher concentration of mitochondria) of a muscle cell |
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Term
|
Definition
| smooth ER forming interconnecting tubules surrounding myofibrils |
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Term
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Definition
| tubules running between sarcoplasmic reticulum and penetrating deeply into cell; aids in conducting "stimulus" into cell |
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Term
|
Definition
| terminal portions of sarcoplasmic reticulum adjacent to transverse tubules |
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Term
|
Definition
| - sarcoplasmic reticulum, T tubules, terminal cisternae |
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Term
|
Definition
| protein with heads (crossbridges) and tail; heads interact with special active sites on thin filaments (heads contain ATPases that enzymatically split ATP) |
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Term
|
Definition
| protein made up of many protein subunits called globular actin (G actin); each G actin has an active site that binds myosin heads during contraction; G actin units are polymerized into a F actin; two F actins make up the thin filament |
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Term
|
Definition
spirals around and stiffens the F actin.
Prevents myosin from binding to actin |
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Term
|
Definition
| Ca interacts, changes shape of it which rolls up and allows actin/myosin to bind, contracting the muscle |
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Term
|
Definition
| myosin binding site is blocked by tropomyosin, actin cannot touch myosin crossheads |
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Term
| Sliding filament mechanisim |
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Definition
1. Change in thin filament
2. Tropomyosin needs to move
3. Crossbridge activated and bends
4. Power stroke
5. H-zone disappears, (does not shorten, just slides together)
6. Thin filaments pull together into the H zone
7. Z- lines move closer together |
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Term
| Thin and Thick Filaments shorten as the muscle contracts |
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Definition
False
Thin and thick filaments DO NOT change in length, they just overlap more!! |
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Term
| ATP is required in muscle contraction for: |
|
Definition
• Crossbridge activation
• Detachment of myosin head from actin
• Pump Ca back into sarcoplasmin reticulum |
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Term
|
Definition
| the part of the peripheral nervous system associated with the voluntary control of body movements via skeletal muscles |
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Term
|
Definition
| striated and contains sarcomeres. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| cells lack sarcomeres and are not striated |
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Term
| Glucose, from the muscle’s stored glycogen |
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Definition
| an increasingly important energy source during heavy exercise. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| New ATP can be quickly produced from it when ADP takes a phosphate from it |
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Term
| Stronger muscle contraction comes from |
|
Definition
| Greater motor unit recruitment |
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Term
|
Definition
| fibers are adapted for aerobic respiration and are resistant to fatigue |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| fibers are adapted for anaerobic respiration |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| fibers are fast-twitch but adapted for aerobic respiration |
|
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Term
| Where are Slow-twitch fibers found |
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Definition
| Postural muscles: able to sustain contraction for a long period of time without fatigue. |
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Term
| Where are fast-twitch fibers found |
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Definition
| Gastronemuis, eye muscles |
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Term
| Has no troponin and no tropomysin |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Ca Ion in muscle contraction |
|
Definition
| causes a chemical change that allows myosin head to bind to actin |
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Term
|
Definition
neruogenic; functions like skeletal muscle
but innervated by autonomic neurons |
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Term
| Single-unit smooth muscle |
|
Definition
function syncytium;
cells which work as a unit mechanically and electrically (heart has two) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| one motor neuron plus all the muscle fibers it innervates |
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Term
| Motor units for fine control |
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Definition
| small motor units (12 fibers per neuron) |
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Term
|
Definition
| large motor units (1500 to 2000 fiber per neuron) |
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Term
| Which cardiac system has low pressure |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Which cardiac system has high pressure |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Why does there have to be an AV delay? |
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Definition
| You don't want atria and ventricles contracting simultaneously, need ventricles to fill up before they contract |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| have unstable membrane potential |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
40-60 BPM
Only pint of electrical contact between the atria and ventricles |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
abnormal pacemaker sites within the heart (outside of the SA node) that display automaticity
Can take over for SA node |
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Term
|
Definition
| events in one complete heartbeat (.8 sec) |
|
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Term
| Does the heart contract more or relax more |
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Definition
relax (diastole)
Must feed itself oxygen |
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Term
|
Definition
| atrial chambers depolarize (SA node firing) |
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Term
|
Definition
| ventricular depolarization/Atrial repolarization |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| ventricles contracting and emptying |
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Term
|
Definition
| ventricles relaxed and filling |
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Term
|
Definition
resting HR is >100 BPM
Too fast |
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Term
|
Definition
| resting HR is slower than normal |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| prevents initiation of a second Ap until resting potential is restored |
|
|
Term
| Why is tentanus impossible? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| turbulent flow at abnormal times in the cardiac cycle |
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