Term
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Definition
| Molecules having a a tetrapyrrole ring (four simple, heterocyclic nitrogen ring compounds bound together to form a ring) that are produced as intermediates during heme synthesis in animals |
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Term
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Definition
| A group contained in many enzymes. |
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Term
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Definition
| A heme containing protein that is act as catalysts of oxidation-reduction reactions in processes such as cellular respiration |
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Term
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Definition
| The damage to biomolecules from free radicals from combining molecular oxygen reduction with energy generation during aerobic metabolism. Free radicals include the superoxide radical (O2) and the hydroxyl radical (OH-). They damage proteins, plipids, DNA and other biomolecules |
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Term
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Definition
| A free radical involving an unshared electron of oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
| hydrophobic chemical stuck in between membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| hydrophobic chemical interweaving in membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| A molecule having an unshared electron. (That electron is usually designated by a dot.) Free radicals are extremely reactive. They try and gain stability by capturing an electron. Can lead to a cascade of oxidation/reduction events |
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Term
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Definition
| Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are chemically reactive chemical species containing oxygen. Examples include peroxides,superoxide, hydroxyl radical, and singlet oxygen.[1] |
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Term
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Definition
| Superoxide dismutase (SOD) reduces oxidative stress by decreasing superoixde radical |
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Term
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Definition
| An enzyme catalyzing the reaction, 2H2O2 -> 2H20 + O2. Involved in reducing oxidative stress |
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Term
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Definition
| An enzyme catalyzing the reaction, 2 Reduced Glutathione (GSH) + H2O2 -> Oxidized Gluthathione (GSSG) + H20. It is involved in reducing oxidative stress |
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Term
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Definition
| Redox cycling: The process of reduction of contaminants to free radicals that are then able to participate in redox reactions, producing a superoxide radical. |
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Term
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Definition
| The oxidation of polyunsaturated lipids in membranes resulting in cell damage during xenobiotic exposures. Lipid peroxidation is known to cause membrane distruption, resulting in the loss of membrane disruption, resulting in the loss of membrane integrity |
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Term
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Definition
| Malondialdehyde- A breakdown product of lipid peroxidation used as an indicator of oxidative stress |
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Term
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Definition
| The neutral red retention time (NRRT) assay is useful for detecting decreased lysosomal membrane stability in haemocytes sampled from bivalves, a phenomenon often associated with exposure to environmental pollutants including nanomaterials. |
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Term
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Definition
| Non-aqueous phase liquids or NAPLs are liquid solution contaminants that do not dissolve in or easily mix with water, like oil, gasoline and petroleum product |
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Term
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Definition
| Acetylcholine-substrate- Allows ions to go into cell |
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Term
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Definition
| Acetylcholinesterase- neurotransmitter enzyme |
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Term
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Definition
| Sends electric signals to brain |
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Term
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Definition
| Chemical meant to kill pests |
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Term
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Definition
| Chemical meant to kill insects |
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Term
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Definition
| Genotoxicity the study of the adverse effects of physical and chemical agents on the genetic material of cells (DNA or chromosomes) and the subsequent expression of these changes. Chemicals that cause genotoxicity are petroleum hydrocarbons (PAH, TPH, etc.), metals, PCBs |
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Term
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Definition
| Clastogenic agents are those that cause damage to chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| Mutagen-change or damage gene or inhibits or damages the DNA repair mechanism and results in an altered cell |
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Term
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Definition
| An adduct is defined as the covalent attachment of a chemical compound to DNA (commonly to guanine). Xenobiotics and their metabolites can damage DNA by covalently binding to a base to form an adduct that could cause cancer. DNA adducts are the best studied genotoxic endpoint. They are thought to play a key role in initiation, early promotion and later stages of tumor progression. |
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Term
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Definition
| Most widely used method for determination of DNA adducts is 32P-postlabeling technique. For hydrophobic aromatic, aromatic DNA adducts such as PAH-DNA adducts, this method can detect 1 adduct in 10^9-10^10 bases. Autoradiography compares of sampled fish DNA adduct patterns to standard adduct patterns |
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Term
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Definition
| During 32P postlabeling, you isolate DNA, digest DNA, label with 32P, separate via chromatography, autoradiography, determine number of adducts |
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Term
| Hydrogen abstraction (DNA) |
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Definition
| HO' may react with any compound abstracting a hydrogen and yielding a free radical species of the compound and water |
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Term
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Definition
| HO' may add to deoxyguanosine (a nucleoside) with formation of the 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine oxidized base. This oxidized base can be isolated in vivo, a fingerprint of free radical attack on DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| A mutation can result in inherited defects when germ cells are mutated (page 41 of Lecture 7). These cells are involved in the production of ova or sperm and can be inherited. |
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Term
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Definition
| Have a mutant Salmonella bacteria that requires histidine. Expose the bacteria to the toxicant. If it causes a mutation, then the bacteria can grow on the histidine free medium. The Ames test is used to predict potential carcinogens |
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Term
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Definition
| Pro-carcinogens are tested with Ames S9 mix test- Aroclor1254 |
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Term
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Definition
| Take test organism and expose to chemical. Cells are collected lysed to liberate DNA, electrophoresed and stained. Based on the electrophoretic migration of DNA fragments resulting from strand breakage (broken strands migrate more quickly) Greater migration into the so-called comet during electrophoresis can be used to estimate degree of DNA damage |
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Term
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Definition
| Mutagen measured during sister chromatid exchange |
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Term
| Sister Chromatid Exchange |
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Definition
| Genotoxicity test- The chromatids exchange DNA via crossing over. Proposed biomarker for exposure |
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Term
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Definition
| Micronuclei- membrane bound masses of chromosome fragments or potentially whole chromosomes (that were not incorporated into a daughter cell during mitrosis or meiosis) Number of micronuclei suggests damage to cell's ability to divide properly (e.g. clams exposed to PCBs) |
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Term
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Definition
| Toxicity causing cell death (apotosis) |
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Term
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Definition
| Cell death from injury or disease |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of changes in cells and tissues associated with communicable and noncommunicable disease |
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Term
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Definition
| Pathological alterations of cells, tissues or organs. Can indicate exposure to toxicants and suggest mechanisms of action. |
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Term
| Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) |
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Definition
| Analytical construct that describes a sequential chain of causally linked events at different levels of biological organisation that lead to an adverse health or ecotoxicological effect. The AOP concept was also developed in response to uncertainties in the field regarding usage of the terms mechanism of action and mode of action The AOP concept addresses such terminology problems by requiring an anchor to both a molecular initiating event and an adverse outcome with significance to risk assessment. |
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Term
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Definition
| A common set of biochemical physiological or behavioral responses that characterize an adverse biological response where major but not necessarily all linkages between a direct initiating event and an adverse outcome are understood |
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Term
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Definition
| The mechanism of action describes everything along the way including the specific molecular targets to which the drug binds, such as an enzyme or receptor. Defined as a complete and detailed understanding of each and every step in the sequence of events that leads to a toxic outcome |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs primarily when sufficient energy is transferred to molecular oxygen, forming reactive singlet oxygen, a powerful oxidizing agent that can damage a wide variety of biological molecules. This oxidative damage to cellular components is the initiating event for AOP |
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Term
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Definition
| There are many estrogen receptor (ER) agonists is anchored by the molecular initiating event of binding of an estrogen mimicking chemical to the ER and altered reproduction (embryo production) at the whole-organism level. |
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Term
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Definition
| Biomarker associated with ER activation. Egg yolk protein. Production of VTG is a specific and sensitive response to ER activation. VTG is critical for oocyte development, reductions in VTG availability can be translated into reductions in fecundity |
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Term
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Definition
| The actual reproductive rate of an organism or population measured by the number of gametes (eggs), seed set or etc. It is an outcome relevant to population level risk assessments |
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Term
| Molecular Initiating Event (MIE) |
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Definition
| The event that happens in the cell that sparks a response from an exposure to a toxicant |
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Term
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Definition
| Enhanced toxicity of a chemical in the presence of a second chemical that is not itself toxic at its concentration in the mixture |
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Term
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Definition
| The condtions of additivity exists for two or more toixcants in a mixture if the mixture effect level was simply that expected by summin the expected inidivdual toxicant effects |
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Term
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Definition
| Toxicant synergism occurs if the joing effect of a mixture was greater than predicted by summing the predicted, separate effects for the individual toxicants in the mixture |
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Term
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Definition
| Toxicant antagonism occurs if the actual effect level of the mixture was lower than the sum of the predicted effects for the individual toxicants in the mixture |
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Term
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Definition
| If chemical antagonism is framed in the special context of antidotes, the chemicals whose effect is thought to be reduced is the agonist and the chemical that reduces that effect is the antagonist or antidote |
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Term
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Definition
| If chemical antagonism is framed in the special context of antidotes, the chemical that reduces that effect is the antagonist or antidote |
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Term
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Definition
| An approach used to visualize or quantify joint action of chemical mixtures |
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Term
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Definition
| Antagonism resulting from two chemicals elciting opposite physiological effects and as a consequence, counterbalancing each other's effect |
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Term
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Definition
| Anatgonism resulting when two toxicants react with one another to produce a less toxic product |
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Term
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Definition
| Antagonism involving toxicant mixture effects on the uptake, movement within the organism, deposition at specific sites, and elimination of the toxicants. The presence of the two toxicants together shifts one or more of these processes to lower the impact of the toxicants at the site(s) of action or target organ(s) |
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Term
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Definition
| Antagonism that involves the binding of the toxicants to the same receptor and one toxicant blocking the other from fully expressing its toxicity |
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Term
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Definition
| A rapid, bacterial assay in which a decrease in bioluminescence is thought to refelect toxic action |
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Term
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Definition
| Toxicants in mixture act by the same mode of action and "one component can be substituted at a constant proportion for the other… toxicity of a mixture is predictable directly from that of the constituents if their relative proportions are known |
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Term
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Definition
| Independent action of toxicants occurs if each toxicant produces an effect independent of the other and by a different mode of action |
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Term
| Toxic Equivalency Factors |
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Definition
| An empricially derived factor that scales the toxicity of a dioxin, dibenzofuran, or dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyl (i.e., compounds that have toxic modes of action involving binding to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor to that of TCDD |
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Term
|
Definition
| The combiend toxicity of dioxins, dibenzofurans or dioxin like polychlorinated biphenyls (i.e., compounds that have very similar toxic modes of action invovling binding to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor) expressed in units of toxicity of the 2,3,7,8 (TCDD). This summing to compound effects to generate a TEQ is doen using the Toxic Equivalency Factors defined above |
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Term
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Definition
| An index for quanitfying the joing action of toxicants in a mixture. |
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Term
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Definition
| Amount of concentration of a toxicant expressed in units of lethality such as LD50 or LC50. For example, if toxic units are based on the LC50, a chemical with an LC50 of 20 mg/L would be present at 0.5 TU in a 10 mg/L solution |
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Term
|
Definition
| Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were used as or in lubricants, heat conductors in electrical transformers, plasticizers, printing and many other applciations |
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Term
|
Definition
| A term used to point up the relationship among members of a chemical family such as PCBs. This term is relevant to mixtures of similar compound such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) This term is relevant to mixtures of similar compounds such as PCBs that differ along a common them. For example, the PCB congeners in Aroclor 1221 are all the biphenyls in the mixture with different numbers and positions of the substituted chlorine atoms |
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Term
|
Definition
| Ortho position of PCB binds to the receptor which means that it cannot be coplanar |
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Term
|
Definition
| Example of PCB congener in ortho position- They bind to the AhR that works because of additivity |
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Term
|
Definition
| Example of PCB congener in ortho position- They bind to the AhR that works because of additivity |
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Term
|
Definition
| Dioxin that binds to the AhR |
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Term
|
Definition
| Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a gene transcription factor that binds to 2,3,7,8 TCDD and structurally related planar aromatic chemicals. Activation |
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Term
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Definition
| That it is a solvent with adverse health effects and groundwater contaminant. Carcinogen, metabolism of carbon tetrachloride via CYP2E1 to highly reactive free radical metabolites in postulated mode of action . The free radicals initiate lipid peroxidation by attacking polyunsaturated fatty acids in membranes, setting off a free radical change reaction sequence. It is essentially a toxicant that induces oxidative stress |
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Term
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Definition
| The most heavily used herbicide in the United States, blocks electron transport in target weed species |
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Term
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Definition
| Organophosphate insecticide that inhibits the nervous system by forming a stable covalent bond at the active site of acetylcholinesterase |
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Term
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Definition
| Effects occuring at concentrations/doses below those producing direct somatic death |
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Term
| Ecological death (or mortality) |
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Definition
| Can be equivalent to somatic death. E.g. Shrimp example. The shrimp were going to be eaten by predators when they were immobilized, which is a sublethal effect |
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Term
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Definition
| Ties into Selyean stress because it plays a central role. The definition is that they are environmental pollutants that interfere with the normal functioning of human and nonhuman animal endocrine systems also known as endocrine disruptors |
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Term
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Definition
| Often used as the measurement endpoint for sublethal effects, easy to quantify, integrates a suite of biochemical and physiological effects into one effect that is often linked to individual fitness. For example, Cu concentration can be measured with a 96 hour growth inhibition test with Selenastrum (algae) |
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Term
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Definition
| A biphastic dose-response phenomenon characterized by a low-dose stimulation and high-dose inhibition |
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Term
| Biphasic dose-effect model |
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Definition
| Shaped like the threshold model in Figure 7.8. But the curve dips down from the controls before increasing with dose. In this case, the downward dip would reflect enhanced growth of plants exposed to low concentrations but, in other cases, it might reflect decreased mortality or increased fecundity at low concentrations relative to controls |
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Term
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Definition
| Any physical or chemical agent such as mercury that is capable of causing developmental malformations |
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Term
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Definition
| The science of fetal or embryonic abnormal development of anatomical structures |
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Term
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Definition
| Developmental toxicity is the broader term for teratology which is often used to include altered growth, functional deficiences and even death in addition to teratogenic effects |
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Term
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Definition
| Babies born with limbs having reduced bone lengths |
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Term
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Definition
| Babies born without limbs |
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Term
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Definition
| The extreme forward curvature of the spine |
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Term
|
Definition
| The lateral curvature of the spine |
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Term
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Definition
| Behavioral abnormailites in otherwise normal appearing individuals arising after exposure to an agent as an embryo |
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Term
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Definition
| Froch embryo teratogensis assay xenopus- Xenopus laevis after clawed frog |
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Term
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Definition
| Calculated as the LC50 divided by the EC50 |
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Term
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Definition
| Xenobiotic estrogens or xenoestrogens mimic estrogen and can cause changes in the sexual characteristics of individuals. Tie this back to VTG mechanism. DDT, DDE, dioxin, PCB, alkylphenols (p-nonyl-phenol and alkylphenol polyethoxylate) |
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Term
| Androgen receptor antagonists |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The imposition of male characteristics on females |
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Term
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Definition
| Deviation from perfect bilateral symmetry for a population that is thought to reflect developmental instability. A quality is measured from the right and left sides of a bilaterally symmetrical species and the unsigned difference d=|Right-left| is calculated |
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Term
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Definition
| An ability to produce different or a range of phenotypes under different conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| The deviation for a population from a mean of zero for the difference between a trait measured from the right and left sides of bilaterally symmetrical individuals from that population. For example, measurement of the difference in weights of left and arms of right0handed humans would display directional asymmetry because most such humans will have larger right arms. With directional asymmetry, both presence and direction of asymmetry are predetermined. |
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Term
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Definition
| Antisymmetry occurs when structure is greater on one side than on the other, but it is not predetermined on which side the structure will be larger |
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Term
| Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor |
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Definition
| Compounds such as many organophosphate and carbamate insecticides that inhibit the normal functioning of the enzyme, acetylcholinesterase, which hydrolyzes the neurotransmitter, acetylcholine |
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Term
|
Definition
| An index calculated as the amount of energy taken into the organism in its food minus the energy taken into the organism in its food minus the energy used for respiration and excretion. Represents the amount of energy available for growth and/or production of young. |
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Term
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Definition
| The science of abnormal behaviors produced by exposure to a chemical or a physical agent |
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Term
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Definition
| Seylean stress is a specific syndrome defined as all nonspecifically induced changes. The specific effects of growth and developmental changes are not the specific syndrome described by Seylean stress. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Ability to swim against a current or maintain proper orientation to a current (rheotaxis) |
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Term
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Definition
| Measured by rheotaxis and the physical capacity to swim against flow |
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Term
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Definition
| *Frequency and duration of movements *Speed and distance travelled *Frequency and angle of turns *Position in the water column and form and pattern of swimming (surfacing, resting on bottom, head up) |
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Term
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Definition
| Orientation to water flow |
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Term
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Definition
| Chlorinated hydrocarbons used extensively in agriculture. Adversely effect electrical impulses in braine. Common ones are DDT, dieldrin |
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Term
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Definition
| Organic compound produced by flowers of pyrethrums. Prevents closure of the voltage sodium channels |
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Term
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Definition
| Suppression of maturation of immunity cells (ex: Hematopoietic necrosis virus (HNV) in salmon -> anemia, kidney |
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Term
|
Definition
| Science associated with the detection, quantification and interpretation of direct or indirect alterations to the immune system as a result of exposure to environmental pollutants |
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Term
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Definition
| Hematopoietic necrosis virus (HNV) is a pathogen of Pacific salmon. Virus multiplies in skin, gils, and GI tract and moves to kidney or spleen. Juvenile fish die because anemia, kidney failure or electrolyte/fluid imbalances |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| r is the rate of increase per individual dependent on survival probabilites, time between reproductive events, reproductive output. L- ginite growth rate |
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Term
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Definition
| Stage structured population matrix |
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Term
|
Definition
| From all sources water, air and solid phases |
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Term
|
Definition
| Term specific to aquatic toxicology |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| The total mass or amount of contaminant in and in some cases on an individual |
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Term
|
Definition
| The movement of a contaminant into an organism |
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Term
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Definition
| Cell membrane-associated transport proteins that form channels to allow solute passage through the membrane |
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Term
|
Definition
| Cell membrane-associated proteins that acta as carriers to transfer hydrophilic contaminants across the membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| The accmulation of a substance at the common boundary of two phases such as that between a liquid solution and solid |
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Term
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Definition
| Uptake of chemical; the incorporation of solid into liquid |
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Term
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Definition
| Specific mechanism by which a compound in solution becomes associated with a solid surface that is unknown or poorly defined |
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Term
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Definition
| The movement of a contaminant down an electrochemical gradient that requires no energy AKA passive diffusion |
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Term
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Definition
| Diffusion down a gradient not requiring energy, but occuring at rate faster than expected by simple diffusion alone (aq). Carrier molecule needed but no energy from high to low concentration |
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Term
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Definition
| Movement of a substance up an electrochemical gradient that requires a carrier modlecule and energy (aq) low to high concentration |
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Term
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Definition
| Uptake of solids (phagocytosis) or liquids (pinocytosis) by cells through a process of engulfing the material and enclosure in a cellular vacuole |
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Term
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Definition
| Lipophillic chemicals pass through the membrane via the lipid route via lipid bilayer |
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Term
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Definition
| Hydrophillic chemicals pass through the membrane via the aqueous route |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Biologically mediated transformation of one chemical compound to another |
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Term
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Definition
| One possible consequence of biotransformation in which the effect of an active compound is worsened or an inactive compound is converted to one with an adverse bioactivity |
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Term
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Definition
| A class of polypeptides in plants that are induced by and bind to metals. They may function in the regulation and detoxification of metals by plants. Genes for phytochelatins have now been isolated in several invertebrate species |
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Term
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Definition
| Fusion of introcellular vesicles with the cell membrane followed by emptying the vesicle contents to the cell exterior |
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Term
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Definition
| Small compact particle of a substance |
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Term
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Definition
| The loss of contaminant from an organism that is measured after the organism has been placed into a clean environment and allowed to eliminate the contaminant. Happens in field |
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Term
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Definition
| The loss or metabolism of a contaminant resulting in a decrease in the amount of contaminant within an organism |
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Term
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Definition
| The decrease in contaminant concentration in a growing organism because the amount of tissue in which the contaminant is distributed is increasing. E.g. Grow bigger then concentration decreases because tissue amount is bigger (juvenile to adult) body weight is increasing |
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Term
| Enterohepatic Circulation |
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Definition
| Recirculation of toxicant back to the liver after passage into the intestine in bile and then reabsorption in the intestine |
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Term
|
Definition
| The study and predictive modeling of the internal kinetics of toxicants |
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Term
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Definition
| Bioconcentration factors are determiend from the ratio of chemical concentration in the organism, assuming steady state metabolism and excretion |
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Term
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Definition
| Biota-sediment accumulation factors are based on the lipid normalized concentration in the organism with respect to organic carbon-normalized concentration in the sediments. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Bioaccumulation Factors based on lipid-normalized concentration of the chemical in the organism with respect to the concentration of the bioavailable fraction of chemical in water |
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Term
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Definition
| Biologically mediated deposition of minerals |
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Term
|
Definition
| The ratio of nonpolar organic compound concentration in the organism to that of sediments ([organism]/[sediment]) with the organism's concentation normalized to gram of lipd and sediment concentration normalized to gram of organic carbon |
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Term
|
Definition
| The extent to which a contaminant in a source is free for uptake. In many definitions, especially those associated with pharmacology or mammalian toxicology, bioavaiability implies the degree to which the contaminant is free to be taken up by the organism and to cause an effect at the site of action |
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Term
|
Definition
| The bioavailability of a dose (D) estimated from the area under the curve (AUC) for any route or formulation of the compound divided by the AUC after direct injection of the same dose (D) into the bloodstream |
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Term
|
Definition
| The Bioavailability estimated for a dose administered by any route or formulation relative to a dose administered through a reference (or alternate) route or in a reference formulation |
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Term
|
Definition
| An anion or molecule that forms a coordination compound or complex with metals |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| An anion or molecule that forms a coordination compound or complex with metals- That compete |
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Term
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Definition
| "The universal importance of free metal ion activities in determining the uptake, nutrition and toxicity of all cationic trace metals." Free ion is most bioavailable |
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Term
|
Definition
| A conceptual model that "focuses on activities on metal-ligand complexes and metal-ligand complexes and the metal-biotic ligand complexes formed at crucial sites on organism surfaces such as gill surfaces." The BLM is used to imply or predict relationships between dissolved metal concnetration and bioavailability or effect |
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Term
|
Definition
| Metal Species are metals and semi-metals existing as hydroxides, organometallic compounds, biomolecules, and other forms. Measurement of these molecules is called metals speciation. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Acid Volatile Sulfides (AVS) Sediment associated sulfides extracted with 1 N HCl which are assumed to be primariliy iron sulfides, especially metastable mackinawite and greigite. In some cases, pyrite can also become the dominant component of AVS |
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Term
|
Definition
| Simultaneously extracted metals |
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Term
|
Definition
| changes chemical and increases competitng cations or makes less toxic |
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Term
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Definition
| Extracts from soils sequentially. Expose with different extractants and then take extractant and get metals. Keep on mixing then centrifuge and measure |
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Term
| Interstitial or pore water |
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Definition
| Collect institutial water- whatever is in there is most bioavailable. Individual particles |
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Term
|
Definition
| A means of esimating bioavailability of contaminants in which contaminant-containing phase is placed into a synthetic digestive juice solution and the amount of contaminant released is measured |
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Term
|
Definition
| A quantitative, often statistical, relationship between a molecular quality or set of qualities and some activity, such as bioavailability or toxicity |
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Term
|
Definition
| The partition coefficient for a compound between n- |
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Term
| Henderson-Hasselbalch relationship |
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Definition
| It helps you determine the concentration of unionized form of a weak acid, which is important because this form can cross the lipid bilayer route |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The study of size and its consequences |
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Term
|
Definition
| Solid phase membrane devices. Generally used for sampling neutral organic chemicals with log kow greater than 3 |
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Term
|
Definition
| Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler. Passive sampler that measures less than 3 log kow chemicals |
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Term
|
Definition
| An increase in concentration from one trophic level to the next due to accumulation of contaminant from food |
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Term
|
Definition
| a system of interlocking and interdependent food chains. |
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Term
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Definition
| Two processes contribute solvent switching and solvent depletion. Solvent switching takes place when a contaminant partitions preferentially into one solvent or phase (e.g. lipids of a prey species) relative to another (e.g. its surrounding media or food). There is an increase in concentration in the prey but the final media-prey fugacity does not change with solvent switching. When the prey is eaten, solvent depletion occurs with the digestion of the lipids containing the contaminant |
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Term
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Definition
| Another term for biomagnification |
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Term
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Definition
| Diminution with increasing trophic level |
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Term
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Definition
| Concentrations decrease with each exchange e.g. most metals do not biomagnify like organotin or organochlorine |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical equilibrium is the state in which both reactants and products are present in concentrations which have no further tendency to change with time. |
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Term
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Definition
| Process of interaction of potentially toxic substances with target sites and the biochemical and physiological consequences laeding to adverse effects |
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Term
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Definition
| During lactation, accumulated lipophilic chemicals in the adult are redistributed to the milk and adult females pass the cehmicals on to their calves. |
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Term
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Definition
| Gestation provides another opportunity to transfer chemicals from the mother to fetus |
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Term
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Definition
| Lactational and gestational process result in a decrease in the maternal body burder and an increase in the calf's body burden |
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Term
| Organism influence bioavailablity |
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Definition
| Size, Sex, Lipid content, life stage/age, species, behavior |
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