• Emotional Support
• Esteem Support
• Information Support
• Instrumental Support 

What is

Emotional Support?

What is

Esteem Support?

What is

Information Support?

What is

Instrumental Support?

Components of the

Support Process

• Stress factors - must be experiencing some level of stress
• Recipient factors - Support seeking ability; mood
• Provider factors - Empathetic abilities; mood
• Relationship factors - Satisfaction; intimacy

Two different kinds of "face"

(Social Support and Facework)

• Positive face

• Negative face 

What is

Positive Face?

What are the

threats to Positive Face?

1. Concern about the impression others will have of you.
2. Recipient may look weak.
3. Undeesirable information may become known. 

What is

Negative Face?

What are the

threats to Negative Face?

1. Unwanted aid can be an intrusion.
2. Receiving aid may require involvement in personal areas.
3. Recipient may feel obligated to take help or follow prescribed courses of action. 

What are the Assumptions of

Social Exchange Perspectives?

• Primary assumption: Individuals seek to maximize their rewards and minimize their costs.
• Rewards: Anything that humans desire.
• Costs: Anything that humans wish to avoid. 

Interdependence Theory

(Thibaut & Kelley, 1959)

Assumes that the action of person A has consequences for person B, and vice versa.

Hypothesis: A pair will voluntarily continue their association only if the experienced or anticipated outcomes are adequate.

Adequacy is determined by

Comparison Level (CL): What I feel I deserve (attractiveness of relation).

What are

Message Design Logics

(O'Keefe & Delia)

• Expressive - Communication is a means of self-expression.  Messages are open and reactive - little attention given to other's needs/desires.
• Conventional - Communication is a "game" with rules.  Messages proceed according to accepted rules/norms.
• Rhetorical - Communication is a way to change rules through negotiation.  Messages are flexible, insightful & person-centered.
• Person-Centered: Reflects awareness of & adaptation to communication contexts. 

CPM views "disclosure" as the process of revealing information that is private while making decisions about what to conceal.

• Dialectical tension
• CPM's focus in on that private information we choose to disclose. 

• "Public-private" dialectical tension - how do people navigate privacy.
• Conceptualization of private information - view private information as "belonging to you" & "rightfully yours"
• Privacy Rules 

What are Privacy Rules

(Assumption Maxims of CPM)

5 Criteria of Privacy Rules

(Assumptions Maxims of CPM)

• Cultural criteria - Society, ethnicity, group
• Gendered criteria - Males situational appropriate, Females target is trustworthy
• Motivational criteria - Goals and needs
• Contextual criteria - e.g., divorce means different privacy rules
• Risk-benefit ratio criteria - Costs/rewards 

• Shared boundaries
• Boundary coordination
• Boundary turbulence 

Shared Boundaries

(Interaction Maxims of CPM)

Boundary Coordination

(Interaction Maxims of CPM)

3 Mechanisms

• Boundary linkages - In sharing, other may not heed boundary and 3rd party may feel even less obligated to heed boundary.
• Boundary ownership - Right, privileges and level of responsibility of co-owners.
• Boundary permeability - Refers to how open the access is to information
• Disproportionate
• Intersected
• Unified 

Boundary Turbulence

(Interaction Maxims of CPM)

Berscheid's Approach to Emotion

Reasons people who experience emotion will seek the company of others:

• Out of desire to assess appropriateness of own reaction.
• To obtain information about how to deal with cause of emotion.
• To distract themselves from emotional state. 

1. Physiological arousal
2. Cognitive interpretation 

• Interruption of highly organized activites and plans is the major cause of emotional experience.
• Resuming interrupted activities iis aim of emotional activity.
• Berscheid argues when we experience emotion we communicate with those that possess the power to remove the interruption. 

• In close relationships, the meshing of two individuals sometimes breaks down.
• Emotions in close relationships are often result of pertner-inspired interruptions.
• Intimate others have interrupt ability power over us. 

• Meshed - One person's performance facilitates the performance of the other person's behavior/plans.
• Unmeshed - There are no casual connections between the two people's behavior/plans.
• Nonmeshed - When one person's behavior interferes with the other person's behavior/plans.

• Embarrassment
• Shyness
• Jealousy 

Embarrassment

(Social Emotions)

• A discrepancy between self-image person wants to project and self-image that is actually projected.
•  2 Major explanations of embarrassment:
• Social evaluation - A response to threats to one's public identity and social image.
• Awkward interaction - When we feel flustered in social situations and lose a coherent script for social interaction.
• Functions of embarrassment:
• Socialization
• Social control
• Self-regulation

Shyness

(Social Emotions)

• Social anxiety + inhibition
• Cuased by anticipation of descrepancy between desired self-image and image one wants to project.
• Like embarrassment in advance. 

Jealousy

(Social Emotions)

• Rigid: Low adaptability
• Structured: Moderate to low adaptability
• Flexible: Moderate to high adaptability
• Chaotic: Very high adaptability

• The emotional bonding that families have toward one another.
• Manifested in how the family structures it's time, space, and friends.
• Disengaged: Low cohesion
• Separated: Low to moderate cohesion
• Connected: Moderate to high cohesion
• Enmeshed: High cohesion 

Hills ABC-X Model of Family Stress

(Family Stress)

The idea behind the model is that there are 3 factors (A, B, and C) that determine the family's experience of stress (X)

• A: The provoking or stressor event
• B: The family's resources or strengths
• C: The definition or meaning attached to the event by the family
• Communication or meaning attached to the event
• X: The level of stress or crisis experienced by the family