Term
| traditional endocrine organs |
|
Definition
| hypothalamus, APG, PPG, thyroid gland, liver, adrenal gland, kidney, pancrease, ovary, testes |
|
|
Term
| non-traditional endocrine organs |
|
Definition
| adipose tissue, endothelium, skeletal muscle (secrete myokines), heart, stomach, small intestine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| top down modelwith a feed back loop. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "master gland". recieves neural inputs and is sensitive to blood metabolite levels (eg glucose). in response to input it synthesizes chemical factors that inhibit or stimulate synthesis and release of APG hormones. releases hormones from PPG--GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH and PRL |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hypothal stimulates release of GH, thyroid-stimulating H, adrenocortotropic H, follicle-stimulating H, luteinizing H, and prolactin |
|
|
Term
| posterior pituitary gland |
|
Definition
| stores antidiuretic H and oxytocin for hypothal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stimulated by TSH to release triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| receives endocrine and neural input (from SNS) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
makes catecholamines--EPI and NE
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| makes aldosterone, corticosterone, cortisol, and androgens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| makes adipokines that function in: lipid metabolism, BP regulations, inflammations and immunity acute response, angiogenesis, insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis, and reproduction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| synthesized from cholesterol (acetate), not water soluble, require transport proteins, intracellular recceptors, major effects on transcription. ex: androgens, estrogens, progestins, and cortocoids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| polymers of amino acids, generally water soluble, extracellular receptors, require secondary messengers, regulate transcriptions and/or modify activity of existing proteins. ex: insulin, glucagon, GH, endorphins, leptin, cytokines |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| modified amino acids, generally water soluble, intra or extracellular receptors, activate transcription and/or modify existing protein activity. ex: EPI, NE, T4, T3--all neurotransmitters |
|
|
Term
| Autocrine, Paracrine, Endocrine, Neuro-endocrine |
|
Definition
Autocrine--substances bind to the cell/organ from which they were released
Paracrine--binds to nearby cells, carried in interstitial space, DOESNT GO IN BLOOD
Endocrine--substance released goes into blood stream
Neuro-endocrine--spill over from neuromuscular synapses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| non-voluntary functions. SNS and PNS |
|
|
Term
| Parasympathetic nervous system |
|
Definition
| resting functions. "vagal" system. preganglionic neuron-->ACH-->postganglionic neuron-->ACH-->target organ (beta or alpha adrenergic receptor) slows heart rate and stimulates digestion. |
|
|
Term
| sympathetic nervous system |
|
Definition
| "fight-or-flight". preganglionic neuron-->ACH-->post ganglionic neuron-->NE-->target organ. ALSO preganglionic neuron-->adrenal medulla-->EPI-->circulation-->target organ (beta or alpha adrenergic receptor). from neuron: straight to target organ. from circulation: goes thru whole body. increases HR, constricts vessels. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| secondary messenger. criculating hormone binds to a specific receptor on target cell and cell's intracellular leverl of cAMP is elevated and causes a specific response depending on target organ/hormone. ex: lypolysis |
|
|
