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| The totality of an organism's chemical reactions. |
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| Begins with a specific molecule, then altered in a series of steps, resulting in a product. Each step is catalyzed by a specific enzyme. |
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| Processes that break down molecules. Ex: Cellular Respiration |
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| Processes that build molecules. Ex: Photosynthesis |
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| Energy associated with relative motion. |
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| Kinetic energy associated with the random movement of atoms or molecules. |
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| Energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure. Ex: water behind a dam |
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| First Law of Thermodynamics |
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AKA: principle of conservation of energy.
Energy of the universe is constant. Energy cannot be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed. |
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| The Second Law of Thermodynamics |
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| Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy (disorder) of the universe. |
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| A process that can occur without an input of energy. For a process to occur spontaneously, it must increase the entropy of the universe. |
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| The portion of a system's energy that can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system. |
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| A net release of free energy, ΔG is negative. They occur spontaneously. |
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| Absorbs free energy from its surroundings. ΔG is positive. Nonspontaneous. |
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| Using an exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic reaction. |
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| A catalyst: a chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. Specific |
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| The initial investment of energy for starting a reaction-energy required to contort the reactant molecules so the bonds can break. |
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| The reactant an enzyme acts on. |
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| Enzyme binds to its substrate. The catalytic action of the enzyme converts the substrate to a product. |
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| A restricted region of the enzyme that binds to the substrate. |
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| "a clasping handshake" Brings chemical groups of the active site into positions that enhance their ability to catalyze the reaction. |
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| Nonproteins helpers used for catalytic activity. |
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| If a cofactor is an organic molecule, it is called this. |
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| Compete with the substrate for admission to the active site. |
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| Noncompetitive Inhibitors |
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| Bind to another part of the enzyme and impede enzymatic reactions. |
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Definition
| A metabolic pathway is shut off by the inhibitory binding its of its end product to an enzyme that acts early in the pathway. |
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