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Exam 2 Anthro
Terms for Exam 2
72
Anthropology
Undergraduate 2
03/27/2013

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Term
Language
Definition
A systematic set of symbols and signs with learned and shared meanings
Term
Productivity
Definition
The ability to create an infinite range of understandable expressions from a finite set of rules.
Term
Displacement
Definition
The ability to refer to events or ideas beyond the immediate present. (Displaced domains= past, future, fantasy, and fiction)
Term
Phonemes
Definition
The smallest unit of sound in a language.
Term
Morphemes
Definition
The smallest unit of meanings in a language.
Term
Lexicon
Definition
Totality of morphemes in a language.
Term
(Ethno) Semantics
Definition
Study of meanings or words, phrases, sentenses: metaphors
Term
Linguistic Determinism
Definition
The language you speak determines the way you see the world. Language constructs reality.
Term
Sociolinguistics
Definition
study of language in a social context.
Term
Flipping Sapir-Whorf
Definition

Culture determines language. 

-Gender, age, social class, ethnicity, religion, occupation. 

-ex: kallawaya

Term
Metaphors
Definition
Figures of speech in which linguistic expressions are taken from one area of experience abd applied to another.
Term
Focal Vocabulary
Definition
A set of words and distinctions that are particularly important to certain groups.
Term
Ebonics
Definition

Black English Vernacular (BEV)

Them Children

Oakland School System Response

Term
Historical Linguistics
Definition

Subdivision of linguistics that studies language over time.

Ex: Bantu migration

Language Loss

Term
What does Globaliztion reduce?
Definition
Diversity
Term
Production
Definition
Making goods and money
Term
Mode of Production
Definition
A set of social relations to organize labor and resources for production
Term
Consumption
Definition
Using up goods and money.
Term
Exchange
Definition
Transfer of goods and money.
Term
Reciprocity
Definition
The mutual exchange of goods and services (informal).
Term
Redistribution
Definition
The collection and reallocation of goods and services by a central authority.
Term
Market
Definition
In a market economy, the use of price (money) for buying and selling goods and services.
Term
What are the modes of production through time and space?
Definition
Foraging, Horticulture, Agriculture, Pastoralism, and Industrialism
Term
What is horticulture as a mode of production?
Definition
Farming with manual labor.
Term
What is agriculture as a mode of production?
Definition
Nonindustrial system of plant cultivation characterized by continuous and intensive use of labor and land.
Term
What is pastoralism as a mode of production?
Definition
Relying on domesticated herd of animals for subsistence.
Term
How is division of labor characterized by in foraging?
Definition
Age and gender. (sexual division of labor)
Term
How are property relations characterized by in foraging?
Definition

-Little to no concept of personal property

-Exchange governed by generalized reciprocity.

Term
How is social relations characterized in foraging?
Definition

-exogamous "band" societies

-egalitarian (social equality)

Term
How is the potential for sustainability characterized in foraging?
Definition
Marginal environments. (social relationship is more important than an object)
Term
How is the division of of labor characterized in horticulture?
Definition
Age and gender.
Term
How is property relations characterized in horticulture?
Definition
"use rights" rather than private ownership
Term
How is social relations characterized in horticulture?
Definition

-Kinship and marriage control rights of access to land and labor

-High degrees of social equality and communalism EXCEPT for the potential issue of the status of women

-Generalized and balanced reciprocity

Term
How is labor characterized in agriculture?
Definition
Intense need for human labor.
Term
How is property relations characterized in agriculture?
Definition
Sedentary exsistence; more likely to have private ownership.
Term
How is social relations characterized in agriculture?
Definition

-Growth in population; requires more societal regulation

-Greater social distance=negative reciprocity

Term
How is the potential for sustainability characterized in agriculture?
Definition
Significant environmental effects; reduction of ecological diversity (monocropping)
Term
What are the two types of pastoralism?
Definition
Nomadism and Transhumance
Term
How is labor characterized in pastoralism?
Definition

-age and gender

-women as low status; polygyny

Term
How is property relations characterized in pastoralism?
Definition
Land is territory; animals are capital
Term
How is social relations characterized in pastoralism?
Definition

-Potential for social inequality based on differential animal ownership

-herd animals subject to raiding=negative reciprocity

Term
What did industrial capitalism result in?
Definition
World social inequality.
Term
What comprises Industrial Capitalism? (3)
Definition
Industrial Agriculture. Industrialism- Manufacture. Informatics-Service
Term
How is division of labor characterized in Industrialism and Post-Industrialism?
Definition
Highly specialized
Term
How is property relations characterized in Industrialism and Post-Industrialism?
Definition
Private ownership; extreme wealth difference and access to capital
Term
How is social relations characterized in Industrialism and Post-Industrialism?
Definition
Extreme social inequality.
Term
Marriage
Definition
cultural universal with no universal definition
Term
Universal Incest Taboo
Definition
The prohibition against having sex with certain categories of kin
Term
Political Organization
Definition
Formal and informal means of collective action and social control
Term
Band
Definition
Unit of social organization among foragers; group of related people who forage together
Term
Tribe
Definition
Social organization of horticulture and pastoralists
Term
Chiefdom
Definition
A permanent politcal structure with a defined territory under the leadership of a chief; surplus food production required.
Term
State
Definition
An independent sociopolitical system which possess a bureacracy which administers a territory; founded on intensive agriculture
Term
Two ways of tracing kinship
Definition

-Descent

-Marriage

Term
Kinship
Definition
Ways of tracing relatedness
Term
Another word for "blood" relatives.
Definition
Consanguines
Term
Another word for "in-laws".
Definition
Affines.
Term

Dowry

Definition
a woman’s share of the family in heritage that she got at the time of her marriage.
Term

Bride service

Definition
When a potential groom comes and lives with bride’s family to earn her hand in marriage. They hunt. They’re supposed to bring the meat.
Term

Bridewealth

Definition
The wealth (livestock, money, land, and any other forms of property) given by a grooms family to the brides family to compensate them for the loss of her labor power and reproductive capacity. (she works and has babies)
Term
Clan
Definition
Believe that they are all related to the same ancestor but they couldn't tell you how.
Term
Endogamy
Definition

Marriage within the cultural group.

 

Term
Polyandry
Definition
More than one husband.
Term
Monogamy?
Definition
Foraging and Industrialized
Term
Polygamy
Definition
Horticulturalists and Pastoralists
Term
Polygyny
Definition

more than one wife

-Need for labor = status differences

Term
Bilineal/bilateral
Definition

-Us and foragers

-Ego-centered kin networks

-All-inclusive

Term
Unilineal
Definition

-Small-scale farmers and pastoralists

-Unilineal descent groups: lineage and clan

-exclusive

Term
Matrilineal descent
Definition
Trace membership in kin groups through mother.
Term
Patrilineal
Definition
Trace membership in kin groups through father.
Term
Who practices matrilineal descent?
Definition
Trobriand Islanders (most famous), Hopi, Waluguru.
Term
Who practices patrilineal descent?
Definition
Maasai, China
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