Term
| Life arose spontaneously from non-living material (and continues to do so daily). |
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Definition
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Term
| Used two jars with meat, one exposed and one covered and observed that there were maggots on the exposed container and no maggots on the covered container. Experiment to test spontaneous generation. |
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Definition
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Term
| Experiment where two flasks of broth were heated and one was then covered and one was left exposed. It was observed that microbes grew in the exposed flask and no microbes grew in the sealed flask. Experiment to test spontaneous generation. |
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Definition
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Term
| Experiment where a flask of broth with an exposed extension was heated. It was observed that no microbes grew in the flask until the extension was broken off. Experiment to test spontaneous generation. |
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Definition
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Term
| Created as a result of the study of fossils. The fossils reflect biological events that occurred due to environmental changes. Divides the history of the earth into eons, eras, and periods. |
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Definition
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Term
| 4.6 to 0.6 billion years ago. This eon coves almost 90% of the entire history of earth. Originally used to refer to the period of earth's history before the formation of the oldest rocks with recognizable fossils in them. |
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Definition
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Term
| The Precambrian eon includes theses three eons |
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Definition
| Hadean, Archean, and Proterozoic |
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Term
| "Hades-like," 4.6 to 3.8 billion years ago, formation of the earth (liquid rock, boiling sulfur, hot, steamy, dusty),the atmosphere was composed of CO2, water vapor, sulfur, and nitrogen, known as the rockless eon |
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Definition
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Term
| Development of organisms (life) from non-living matter. Haldane and Oparin proposed that the building clocks of life (amino acids, sugars, lipids, and nucleotides) were formed in the primitive environment of earth. |
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Definition
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Term
| Tested Haldane and Oparin's proposal of prebiotic evolution in the lab |
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Definition
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Term
| Amino acids placed in heated water, cooled, assembled into tiny, stable selectively permeable spheres. |
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Definition
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Term
| "Ancient or primitive era," things cooled down a bit, most of the water vapor in the air as cooled and condensed to form a global ocean, the beginning of the rock record, the atmosphere is mostly nitrogen. 3.8 to 2.5 billion years ago, the first life appeared around 3.8 billion years ago |
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Definition
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Term
| Formed as huge mounded colonies of cyanobacteria and other microorganism trap fine sediment, alternating layers of organisms and sediment |
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Definition
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Term
| 2.5 to 0.5 billion years ago, 2 large continents have formed by this time, oxygen is accumulating in the atmosphere, oldest eukaryotic fossils found 1.5 billion years ago, oldest soft-bodied invertebrate fossils (multicellular with not exoskeleton) |
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Definition
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Term
| Mitochondria and chloroplasts are similar n size to average prokaryote, replication of mitochondria and chloroplast, circular piece of DNA in mitochondria and chloroplast in matrix and stroma respectively, and prokaryotic ribosomes are found in mitochondria and chloroplasts, theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts arose from prokaryotes |
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Definition
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Term
| "Evident life," rocks contain lots of fossils, the continents continued drifting, 3 eras that consist of 10% of the earth's time |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 eras that were part of the Phanerozoic Eon are |
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Definition
| Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic |
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Term
| 0.5 billion years ago to 245 million years ago, most of land is still locked in two supercontinents called Gondwanaland and Laurasia, there are huge glaciers and earth is experiencing one of its ice ages, the air has reached something like what we breathe now: about 4/5 nitrogen, 1/5 oxygen, and small amount of CO2, water vapor, and other gases; the development of life can be followed in detail (life forms at the beginning of the era and hard parts like shells, teeth, bones, and woody parts are seen) |
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Definition
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Term
| Period during the Paleozoic era when marine algae flourished and invertebrates with exoskeletons dominated |
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Definition
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Term
| Period during the Paleozoic era when inverts spread and diversify and jawless fish and first inverts appear. Marine algae also flourish. |
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Definition
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Term
| Period during the Paleozoic era when low-lying vascular plants and jawless fish appear |
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Definition
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Term
| Period during the Paleozoic era when jawed diversify and dominate, first insects and amphibians appear and first seed ferns appear. |
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Definition
| Devonian (Age of Fish) Period |
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Term
| Period during the Paleozoic era when amphibians diversify and dominate, first reptiles appear and the first great radiation of insects. Coal forming forests: club mosses and horsetails |
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Definition
| Carboniferous (Age of Amphibians) Period |
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Term
| Period during the Paleozoic era when reptiles diversify and amphibians decline and conifers appear |
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Definition
| Permian (Age of Reptiles) Period |
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Term
| Era when non-flowering seed plants dominate, reptiles diversified and flourished (adaptive radiation to a variety of environments - scaly skin and hard-shelled eggs) |
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Definition
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Term
| Period during the Mesozoic Era when first mammals and first dinosaurs appear; corals and mollusks dominate and cycads and ginkgoes appear and forest of gymnosperms and ferns flourish |
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Definition
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Term
| Period during the Mesozoic Era when dinosaurs flourish and birds appear and cycads and other gymosperms flourish |
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Definition
| Jurassic (Age of the Cycads) Period |
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Term
| Placental mammals appear and modern insects appear, flowering plants spread and conifers decline |
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Definition
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Term
| Era from the present to 66.4 million years ago, mammal diversification: adaptive radiation to occupy habitats left vacant by demise of the dinosaurs, human evolution |
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Definition
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Term
| Period during the Cenozoic Era when all modern mammals are represented, primitive primates, herbivores, carnivores, and insectivores appear, many modern families of flowering plants evolve, subtropical forests thrive, and angiosperms diversify |
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Definition
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Term
| Period during the Cenozoic Era when apelike mammals and grazing mammals, first hominoids appear, modern humans appear, grasslands spread as forests decrease, herbaceous angiosperms flourish, herbaceous plants diversify and spread, and the destruction of tropical rain forest accelerate extinction. |
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Definition
| Neogene (Age of Human Civilization) Period |
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Term
| At least 5 occurred at the end of the Ordovician, Devonian, Permian, Triassic, and Cretaceous Periods |
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Definition
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Term
| An asteroid explosion that produces meteorites that fall to earth, meteor strikes produce a cloud of dust that blocks the sun and causes plants to freeze and die, high amount of iridium found in asteroids and meteorites, but is rare on earth, layer of soot also found associated with the iridium layer |
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Definition
| Cause of mass extinctions |
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Term
| Contributed to Ordovician extinction and maybe Devonian, Gondwanaland drifted to South Pole: extreme change in temperatures and marine inverts and coral reefs were hard hit |
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Definition
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Term
| Permian extinction: 90% of ocean species and 70% of land species gone, no polar ice caps to stimulate ocean currents, organic matter stagnated at bottom of ocean, continents drifted and currents started, excess carbon dioxide produced by changes in ocean currents that stirred up stagnate organic matter on the ocean floor |
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Definition
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Term
| Acellular, cannont replicate unless inside of a cell (never arise from pre-existing ones), are metabolically inactive unless inside of a cell (do not conduct fermentation cellular respiration or photosynthesis, All living cells can be infected by this including archae and bacteria, all living cells serve as hosts, lack cell wall and ribosomes: are not affected by antibodies, properties used most often in classification derive from electron microscopy |
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Definition
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Term
| Normally species specific and tissue specific and particular type of tissue specific, Virion morphology (structure and dimensions, presence or absence of an envelope), type of the genomic nucleic acid (DNA or RNA), and the type of cell |
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Definition
| Classification of viruses |
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Term
| Range from 20-200 nanometers in diameter |
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Definition
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Term
| The protein shell of a virus that encloses the nucleic acid |
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Definition
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Term
| Morphological subunits of capsid of a virus |
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Definition
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Term
| Capsid and nucleic acid core of a virus |
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Definition
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Term
| Double-stranded or single-stranded DNA or double-stranded or single-stranded RNA of a virus |
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Definition
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Term
| 20 equilateral triangular capsomerers, hollow |
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Definition
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Term
| Collision, Adsorption and binding, penetration of DNA (DNA of virus is injected into cytoplasm of the host cell and the rest of the virus is not), host DNA is degraded and nucleotides used to make more viral DNA, virus takes over cellular machinery (transcribes and translates viral DNA to make phage proteins: biosynthesis), assembly of new phages, phage encoded enzyme causes cell to lyse, virus carries enough genes to code for new viruses |
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Definition
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Term
| Collision, adsorption and binding, penetration of DNA (DNA of virus is injected into cytoplasm of the host cell and the rest of the virus is not), phage DNA integrates into the bacterial chromosomes and becomes noninfectious, as cell divides, chromosomes with integrated phage replicates, under certain circumstances, the prophage may separate and the cell will enter the lytic cycle |
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Definition
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Term
| Adsorption, penetration (fusion of membranes or viropexis), uncoating (by lysosomal activities or enzymes within the cytoplasm- the capsid is removed), biosynthesis (lytic or dormant), released by budding, obtaining its envelope from the host cell plasma membrane or nuclear envelope |
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Definition
| Plant and Animal Viral invasion |
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Term
| HIV and certain cancers, RNA virus: reverse transcriptase, special enzymes that transcribe, the DNA integrates into the host cell genome, antigen: causes an immune response, antibodies: formed specifically in response to being exposed to an antigen |
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Definition
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Term
| May cause benign skin tumors (warts), but human genital warts become malignant if they persist; cervical cancer |
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Definition
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Term
| Rhinovirus, Coronavirus, Adenovirus |
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Definition
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Term
| Inhibits viral replication (inhibits one or more steps in the life cycle of the virus; may be harmful to host cells: reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, prevents viral uncoating, prevents penetration, prevents DNA replication), Virucidal agents (directly inactivate the virus), Immunonomodulators (boost hot's immune response: interferon) |
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Definition
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Term
| Naked strands of RNA not covered by a capsid |
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Definition
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Term
| Protein molecules; have a misshapen tertiary structure and somehow cause other similar proteins to become misshaped and pathogenic: linked to Mad Cow Disease |
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Definition
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Term
| 0.2 to 10 micrometers in length, ancient fossil record indicates that they were the first cells, about 5000 described species, but suspect many more |
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Definition
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Term
| Bounded by a plasma membrane, lack membrane-bound organelles, cytoplasm with ribosomes and cytosol (protein synthesis), nucleoid region that contains DNA, no true nucleus |
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Definition
| Basic structure of prokaryotes |
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Term
| Provides protection and gives shape, peptidoglycan is main component (chains of sugars cross-linked with amino acids forming one large molecule around entire cell: Bacteria, not Archea) |
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Definition
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Term
| Asexual reproduction (binary fission); some may reproduce every 20 minutes under optimal conditions |
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Definition
| Reproduction of prokaryotes |
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Term
| Layer of polysaccharide rich phospholipid outside of the cell wall; some of the polysa are disease-causing toxins |
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Definition
| Outer membrane or Lipopdysaccharide layer (LPS) |
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Term
| Not essential to life, this slimy layer of polysaccharide (sometimes proteins) protects the bacterial cell and is often associated with pathogenic bacteria because it serves a s a barrier against phagocytosis by white blood cells |
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Definition
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Term
| Protective, resting structures formed in adverse conditions, no metabolic activity |
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Definition
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Term
| Used in biological warfare, gram positive: purple, contaneous (skin), inhalation (lungs) |
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Definition
| Bacillus anthracis (anthrax) |
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Term
| Flagella coming from more than one place |
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Definition
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Term
| Flagella coming out from the same place |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Adherence to host cells and sex pili enable conjugation to occur: plasmids |
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Definition
| Pili (lateral gene transfer) |
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Term
| Able to colonize the gastric mucosal cells of humans, i.e. the lining of the stomack, and it ahs been well established as the cause of peptic ulcers |
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Definition
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Term
| Cell wall structure allows bacteria to stain differently when using Gram staining technique, used as an identifying characteristics, also medical application |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Thinner peptidoglycan layer and covered by a thin outer membrane (red) |
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Definition
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Term
| Susceptible to penicilin and penicilin derivatives; inhibits cell wall synthesis |
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Definition
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Term
| Gram negative, sexually transmitted disease |
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Definition
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