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| Different states a gene can exist in. Sometimes a dominant allele exists which can mask the presence of the other (recessive) allele. |
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| An hypothesis that makes different predictions about the same phenomena as the original hypothesis. |
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| Male reproductive organ of a flower that produces pollen (microsporangia) |
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| When traits of preserved genes that have not been expressed for generations are expressed; "evolutionary throwback." |
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| When an organism has symmetry (same sides) over a sagittal line (from head to toe). Basically one side of the body mirrors the other (e.g. a butterflies wings). |
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| Holding or delivery of whole prey in a birds mouth |
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| The variation of life forms within a given ecosystem. |
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| The theory that offspring of two individuals will have the average of their traits. This leads to the problem of regression to the mean which can be found defined in a later card. |
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| When a significant percentage of a population is prevented from reproducing. Leads to more genetic drift and inbreeding. |
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| Forms of species that exhibit gradual phenotypic and/or genetic differences over a geographical area. |
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| The merging of genetic lineages back to a common ancestor. |
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| When two species of different genetic lineages evolve similarly to each other. |
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| Descent with Modification |
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| A pattern of evolution in which species develop new traits different from their ancestors. So "descendents" are "modified" from their ancestral form. |
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| Descriptive statistics include the mean, median, and mode. These are used to summarize variation in a population using just a few simple numbers. |
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| When natural selection favors a single phenotype and therefore allele frequency continuously shifts in one direction. Heterozygote advantage. |
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| When natural selection favors the extreme phenotypes. Homozygote advantage. |
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| Native to (e.g. lemurs are endemic to madagascar). |
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| The change in a allele frequencies in a population over time. IMPORTANT: Population is a pattern and happens at a population level. |
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| The study of cats falling (from buildings and such). |
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| Stem like base of an anther. Part of the male reproductive organs of a flower. |
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| Frequency Dependent Selection |
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Definition
| An evolutionary process where the fitness of a phenotype is dependent on its frequency relative to other phenotypes in a given population. |
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| The basic unit of heredity in a living organism. Possess the DNA code to build proteins which carry out bodily functions. |
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| The transfer of alleles of genes from one population to another. |
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| The change in the relative frequency with which an allele occurs in a population due to random sampling and chance |
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| The genetic constitution of an organism or individual usually with reference to a specific character or trait. |
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| The ability of alleles to be passed from one generation to the next (through reproduction and chromosome transfer). |
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| An individual possessing two alleles of a gene where one is dominant and one is recessive or there is a codominant relationship. |
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| Similarity due to common evolutionary origin. Homolgous characters have an hierarchical distribution. |
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| An individual that possesses two of the same allele and can only pass on the allele they possess. |
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| An explanation of observed phenomenon that makes predictions and is falsifiable. |
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| Using observed data to make predictions. |
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| The average of number of values. |
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| The number separating the higher half from the lower half in a sample, population, or probability distribution. |
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| Methodological Naturalism |
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| The stance that hypotheses should only be explained and tested by reference to natural causes and events (not religious or metaphysical causes and events). |
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| Most occuring number in a sample. |
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| The process by which the pattern of evolution occurs. Natural selection acts on individuals in a population by selecting for or against them based on their alleles. Different alleles confer greater or lesser fitness. IMPORTANT: Natural selection is a process and acts at the individual level. |
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| The null hypothesis is a hypothesis which the researcher tries to disprove, reject or nullify. (Example: Hardy-Weinberg) |
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| The stance that the hypothesis that produces the least ad hoc hypotheses is the best. |
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| Variation in the origin and development of individual organisms. |
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| An organ used by some animals for oviposition, i.e. the laying of eggs. |
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| A 'less is better' economy or caution in arriving at a hypothesis or course of action |
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| One member or part of the corolla of a flower, used to attract pollinators based on its bright color. |
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| Any observable characteristic or trait of an organism: such as its morphology, development, biochemical or physiological properties, or behavior. |
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| "Nature is all there is, and all basic truths are truths of nature" |
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| A single carpel or group of fused carpels usually differentiated into an ovary, style, and stigma |
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| Having multiple alleles of a gene within a population, usually expressing different phenotypes. |
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| These organisms resemble a pie where several cutting planes produce roughly identical pieces. An organism with radial symmetry exhibits no left or right sides. They have a top and a bottom (dorsal and ventral surface) only. |
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| The consequence of blending inheritance (Darwin's inheritance theory) pointed out by Darwin's cousin, Sir Francis Galton. It says that eventually all species will lose variation as blending inheritance will cause them to go to (regress to) the average (mean) alleles. |
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| A subset of a population. Usually a reasonable testing quantity from a population that is too big to test completely in a reasonable amount of time. |
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| Certain evolutionary traits can be explained by intraspecific competition. Darwin defined sexual selection as the effects of the "struggle between the individuals of one sex, generally the males, for the possession of the other sex". |
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| A type of natural selection in which genetic diversity decreases as the population stabilizes on a particular trait value. |
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| The male reproductive organ of a flower. |
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| The average difference of the scores from the mean of distribution, how far they are away from the mean. |
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| In a flower carpal, the stigma is the terminal portion that has no epidermis and is fitted to receive pollen. |
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| A layer of tissue (plural version). |
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| Allopatric speciation, also known as geographic speciation, is the phenomenon whereby biological populations are physically isolated by an extrinsic barrier and evolve intrinsic (genetic) reproductive isolation, such that if the barrier should ever vanish, individuals of the populations can no longer interbreed. |
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| Alternation of Generations |
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Definition
| The life cycle of plants, fungi and protists. A multicellular diploid phase alternates with a multicellular haploid phase. |
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| A membrane building the amniotic sac that surrounds and protects an embryo. |
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| An isolating mechanism in which two allopatric species do not mate because of differences in courtship behavior. Also known as ethological isolation. |
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| Biological Species Concept |
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| Species are groups of interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups. |
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| The number of individuals in population; the head count size of a population. |
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| Particular versions of a character (e.g. eye color could be brown, blue, green, etc.). |
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| The scientific classification of living and fossil organisms, to describe a monophyletic group, defined as a group consisting of a single common ancestor and all its descendants. |
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| A form of biological systematics which classifies living organisms on the basis of shared ancestry. |
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| Classed as gymnosperms or plants with naked seeds not enclosed in an ovary. These seed "fruits" are considered more primitive than hardwoods. They can lose their needles annually but most are evergreen. These trees have needlelike or scalelike foliage and usually renew many leaves annually (but not all every year). The foliage is usually narrow and sharp-pointed or small and scale-like. |
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| Variable that changes due to changes in the independent variable chosen by the manipulator/experiementer. |
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| Ecological Species Concept |
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| According to this concept, populations form the discrete phenetic clusters that we recognize as species because the ecological and evolutionary processes controlling how resources are divided up tend to produce those clusters. |
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| Effective Population Size |
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| "The number of breeding individuals in an idealized population that would show the same amount of dispersion of allele frequencies under random genetic drift or the same amount of inbreeding as the population under consideration" -Sewall Wright |
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Definition
| The engulfment of a bacterium by another free living organism. |
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| The interaction between genes. Epistasis takes place when the effects of one gene are modified by one or several other genes, which are sometimes called modifier genes. |
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| An organism whose cells contain complex structures enclosed within membranes. The defining membrane-bound structure that sets eukaryotic cells apart from prokaryotic cells is the nucleus, or nuclear envelope, within which the genetic material is carried. |
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| A cell that fuses with another gamete during fertilization (conception) in organisms that reproduce sexually. |
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| The multicellular structure, or phase, that is haploid, containing a single set of chromosomes. |
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| The entirety of an organism's hereditary information. It is encoded either in DNA or, for many type of viruses, in RNA. |
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| A group of spermatophyte seed-bearing plants with ovules on scales, which are usually arranged in cone-like structures. |
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| A developmental change in the timing of events, leading to changes in size and shape. |
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| Similarity in species of different ancestry which is the result of convergent evolution. |
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| Variable that is manipulated or changed. |
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| A process of reductional division in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half. |
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| A spherical or elongated organelle in the cytoplasm of nearly all eukaryotic cells, containing genetic material and many enzymes important for cell metabolism, including those responsible for the conversion of food to usable energy. It consists of two membranes: an outer smooth membrane and an inner membrane arranged to form cristae. |
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| The process by which a eukaryotic cell separates the chromosomes in its cell nucleus into two identical sets in two daughter nuclei. |
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| A taxon (group of organisms) which forms a clade, meaning that it consists of an ancestor and all its descendants. |
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| An extinct member of the Homo genus that is known from Pleistocene found in Europe and parts of western and Central Asia. |
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| The origin and the development of an organism from the fertilized egg to its mature form. |
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| In seed plants, the ovule is the structure that gives rise to and contains the female reproductive cells. It consists of three parts: The integuments forming its outer layer, the nucellus (or megasporangium), and the megaspore-derived female gametophyte (or megagametophyte) in its center. The megagametophyte (also called embryo sac in flowering plants) produces the egg cell for fertilization. After fertilization, the ovule develops into a seed. |
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A group that contains its most recent common ancestor but does not contain all the descendants of that ancestor.
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| Phylogenetic Species Concept |
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| A group of organisms that shares an ancestor; a lineage that maintains its integrity with respect to other lineages through both time and space. At some point in the progress of such a group, members may diverge from one another: when such a divergence becomes sufficiently clear, the two populations are regarded as separate species. |
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| A diagram that shows the history of organismal lineages as they change through time. It implies that different species arise from previous forms via descent. |
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| Plastids are major organelles found in the cells of plants and algae. Plastids are the site of manufacture and storage of important chemical compounds used by the cell. |
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| Reproductive Isolating Mechanism |
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| Helped create an experiment to test a hypothesis on how life originated on earth. This experiment took simple chemical compounds and turned them into complex organic molecules through certain atmospheric conditions and simulated "lightning." |
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