Term
| Interphase includes which parts of the cell cycle? |
|
Definition
| G1, S and G2 is interphase. |
|
|
Term
| DNA is replicated during which phase of the cell cyle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of division (mitosis or meiosis) goes through two rounds of cell division? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which cell division always results in a reduction of chromosomes producing haploid cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Cytokinesis? How do plants and animal cells differ in going through cytokinesis? |
|
Definition
Cytokinesis is the division of cytoplasm into daughter cells at the end of telophase.
Plants will have a cell plate (new cell wall) line form in the middle of the 2 daughter cells.
Animal cells will have a cleavage furrow form. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Radiation, Chemicals (Carcinogens), Viruses |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between a benign tumor and a malignant tumor? |
|
Definition
Benign tumors are encapsulated and do not invade other tissues.
Usually occurs after a couple of mutations in proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes.
Malignant tumors are invasive into other tissues and will metastasize.
Usually occurs after a couple of mutations in proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. |
|
|
Term
| What are proto-oncogenes? |
|
Definition
| These are normal genes that regulate the cell cycle. They form tumors when they have been mutated and shorten G1 and G2 of the cell cycle. |
|
|
Term
| When a cell divides and makes an exact genetic copy of itself, and results in 2 daughter cells. This is called ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When a cell undergoes a reduction division to make 4 cells with half the number of chromosomes, this is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Down’s syndrome is caused by what genetic abnormality? |
|
Definition
| Nondisjunction of chromosomes, which results in 3 copies of chromosome #21 |
|
|
Term
| A parent cell has 60 chromosomes at G1 of the cell cycle. How many chromosomes will there be when the cell reaches G2 of the cell cycle? |
|
Definition
| There will be 120 chromosomes when the cell reaches G2 because during S phase, all the chromosomes (DNA) was replicated. |
|
|
Term
| A parent cell has 60 chromosomes at G1 before and it goes through mitosis, how many daughter cells will be made and how many chromosomes will be in each one? |
|
Definition
| 2 Daughter cells will be made with 60 chromosomes in each one. |
|
|
Term
| A parent cell has 60 chromosomes at G1 before and it goes through meiosis, how many daughter cells will be made and how many chromosomes will there be in each one? |
|
Definition
| 4 Daughter cells will be made with 30 chromosomes in each one. |
|
|
Term
| If cells are diploid and they go through mitosis, will they become diploid or haploid cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If cells are diploid and they go through meiosis, will they become diploid or haploid cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A diploid cell has 100 chromosomes, how many chromosomes will there be if it was a haploid cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the Kleinfelter’s Syndrome? |
|
Definition
| Kleinfelter’s syndrome is when a male inherits XXY chromosomes. This results in some breast development and sterility. |
|
|
Term
| What is Turner’s Syndrome? |
|
Definition
| Turner’s syndrome is when a female inherits 1 X chromosome. This results in a girl who looks like she never went through puberty. She will have little-no breast development, she will not menstruate and she will be sterile. She will have a webbed neck appearance and heart complications |
|
|
Term
| Assume normal Mendelian traits. If a person with a widow’s peak (WW) mated with a person with straight hair line (ww). What would be the genotype of their offspring? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If 2 heterozygous dominant individuals for widow’s peak mated, what would the probability be for their offspring to have a widow’s peak? |
|
Definition
| Ww mates with Ww: the probability would be 3:1 for widow’s peak in their offspring. |
|
|
Term
| Remember Blood type alleles show Codominance. A woman with Type BO blood has a child with Type OO blood. She claims that a man with Type AO blood is the biological father. Is this possible that he is the father? Explain your answer. |
|
Definition
| Yes, it is possible that he is the father. A female with AO and a male with BO would be able to produce all of the blood types. AB, AO, BO and OO. |
|
|
Term
| A woman with type AO blood has a child with type AB blood. Her husband has type OO blood. Is he the biological father of this child? Why not? |
|
Definition
| No he cannot be the biological father because he has no A or B alleles to pass to the child in his sperm. He can only pass on an O allele. |
|
|
Term
| If a person is Hh for hypercholesterolemia, could this be a problem? Why or Why not? |
|
Definition
| Yes, because hypercholesterolemia shows incomplete dominance which means a person that is heterozygous will have mild disease (they are not normal) and more prone to heart attacks. Their blood cholesterol will range from 200-350 when it should be below 200. They will need cholesterol reducing drugs such as Lipitor. |
|
|
Term
| A woman is a carrier for Muscular dystrophy XMX, she marries a man who is normal XY. What is the probability that their offspring will have muscular dystrophy? |
|
Definition
| None of their daughters will have muscular dystrophy, but there is a 50% chance that their sons will have muscular dystrophy. |
|
|
Term
If a woman is color blind Xc Xc and she married a man with normal color vision XY, how many daughters will be color blind?
How many sons will be color blind? |
|
Definition
None. None of the daughters will be color blind because the daughters receive a normal X from their father.
All of the sons will be colorblind, because the mother’s eggs will all contain Xc. |
|
|
Term
| Is it possible for two brown grizzly bears fur to produce offspring with yellow (blonde) fur grizzly bear? Explain your answer. |
|
Definition
Yes it is if both parent bears Bb were heterozygous for yellow fur.
You can see yellow fur grizzlies in Alaska. |
|
|
Term
| A couple gets married and they have a child, which has cystic fibrosis. They did not have this disease. How is it possible for them to produce a child with cystic fibrosis. |
|
Definition
| They were both heterozygous for cystic fibrosis which means they are carriers of the disease and their children have a 25% chance of getting cystic fibrosis. |
|
|
Term
| Is it possible for a couple who are both Rh + to produce a child that is Rh -? Explain your reasoning. |
|
Definition
| If both parents are heterozygous for the Rh factor + -, then there is a 25% chance of producing an Rh- child. |
|
|
Term
| What are genetic markers and how are they used for Fingerprint DNA? |
|
Definition
| Genetic Markers are made when the DNA in the cells is cut into fragments of different sizes by restriction enzymes. They are run on a gel to separate the fragments according to size. Since no 2 people have identical DNA (except for identical twins), the genetic markers are unique to each person and can be used in DNA fingerprint analysis. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the steps of Animal Cloning? |
|
Definition
| Donor eggs are removed from some animal (sheep) and the nucleus is removed and replaced with a nucleus from some somatic cell (like a cheek cell) of another animal (the one you want to clone). .We give the donor egg with the somatic cell nucleus a shock to stimulate mitosis. The cell divides in a culture dish to the blastula stage where it is implanted into a surrogate mother. |
|
|
Term
| Name two vectors used to make transgenic (recombinant) organisms? |
|
Definition
Plasmids from bacteria
Harmless Virus Particles |
|
|
Term
| Embryonic stem cells are derived from the |
|
Definition
| Blastula (also called blastocyst). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Blastula is a when a fertilized egg divides and forms a hollow ball of cells. This is the stage that implants in the uterus. The inner cell mass forms the embryo and the outer layer of cells will form the placenta. |
|
|
Term
| Forms skin and nervous tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Forms the lining of the digestive tract |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Forms muscle, bone, cartilage, blood etc |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between totipotent stem cells and pluripotent stem cells? |
|
Definition
Totipotent stem cells have total potential to become any cell type.
Pluripotent stem cells can form many different cell types but not all cell types. |
|
|
Term
| What are restriction enzymes? |
|
Definition
| Enzymes that can cut double stranded DNA into different sizes. They are used to make genetic markers and to cut plasmids to insert human genes. |
|
|
Term
| Which group of plants are seedless non-vascular plants? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which group of plants are seedless vascular plants? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of xylem and phloem? (Be specific). |
|
Definition
XYLEM TRANSPORTS WATER FROM ROOTS TO LEAVES
PHLOEM TRANSPORTS CARBS FROM LEAVES TO ROOTS |
|
|
Term
| What does a seed contain? |
|
Definition
| SEED: EMBRYO, FOOD AND A PROTECTIVE SEED COAT |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fruit is a mature ripened ovary with seeds. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of fruit in terms of the plant? |
|
Definition
| FRUIT IS A MECHANISM FOR DISPERSAL OF SEEDS |
|
|
Term
| The main source of our food comes from which group of plants? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The oldest plant fossils are |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In plants they alternate generations between haploid and diploid. |
|
Definition
The gametophyte generation is _HAPLOID 1n
The sporophyte generation is _ DIPLOID 2n |
|
|
Term
| How many sperm are in pollen grains? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pollen grains are the male _________ generation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List the order of evolution in plants. |
|
Definition
| Bryophytes, Ferns, Gymnosperms, Angiosperms |
|
|
