Term
|
Definition
| Species or higher order group of organisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hierarchical classification scheme |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| branching diagram of evolutionary relationships |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| no one organism is the oldest or the beginning of the tree |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Has an organism that is the common ancestor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| defines the root of a phylogenetic tree, falls outside or basal to other taxa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| group including ancestor and descendants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| group not including all the descendents |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
feature that is homologous across character states
example: beak color |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one of the alternate conditions of the character... example: red beak / yellow beak |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Finite number of character states |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| infinite number of character states |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tree with the fewest evolutionary changes is most likely to be correct |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| similarity that is not inherited from a common ancestor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Type of homoplasy where a trait evolved from different pathways.
example: bats and birds both have wings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
evolve similarity using the same pathway.
example: having the same type of pattern in leaves because of the climate of an area. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| back to the ancestral state. |
|
|
Term
| Biological Species Concept |
|
Definition
| Species are groups of interbreeding populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| interbreeding between "good" species |
|
|
Term
| Morphological Species Concept |
|
Definition
| a species is a population that differs in morphology from other populations |
|
|
Term
| Evolutionary Species Concept |
|
Definition
| a species is a single lineage of populations that maintains its own identity and has its own evolutionary tendencies from other lineages. |
|
|
Term
| Phylogenetic Species Concept |
|
Definition
| species is the smallest monophyletic group of common ancestry. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Separated populations geographically |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| type of allopatric speciation where there is a barrier to organism movement between populations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| some level of gene flow between the separated populations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| geographically interspersed populations with encounters throughout much of the range. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Breed at different times of the year/season/day |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| live/breed in different habitats |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
species recognition traits are different
...example given was hummingbirds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the evolution of pre-mating isolation after secondary contact to prevent the formation of unfit hybrids.
it is selection for the animals that do not form the unfit hybrids through choice. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
evolutionary divergence of a single phylogenetic lineage into a variety of adaptive forms. Places with more diverse habitats will have a greater number of species.
example: Anolis (little lizards) in the Caribbean. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
565 - 525 million years ago
- first appearance of major phyla
- a tremendous burst of animal evolution in the oceans, all of today's major phyla originated in or before the Cambrian Explosion. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| well conserved so we can tell when organisms evolved. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 3.6 Billion Years Ago: origin of first bacteria. Also cyanobacteria put oxygen in the atmosphere. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 2.5 Billion Years ago: first eukaryotes, first multi-cellular organisms appear. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 543 Million years ago: most phyla diversified, see ferns-insects-fish-vascular plants. This is the overall group where the Cambrian Explosion is located. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Best for marine animals with hard body parts in shallow water. Worst for organisms without hard parts and tertiary animals. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Layer of shale all over the world which is very good for finding organisms from the Cambrian Explosion. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
involved in forming body of organism. more hox genes = more complex body structure.
example: sponge < mouse |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 251 Million years ago: gymnosperms, angiosperms, reptiles (dinosaurs) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
65 Million years ago:
- Tertiary Period mammals and birds
- Quaternary Period ice ages, humans evolve. |
|
|
Term
| Five Major Extinction Events |
|
Definition
| End of Ordovician (439mya), Late Devonian (367mya), End Permian (245mya, also the biggest), End Triassic (208mya), End Cretaceous (65mya) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 3.2 Million years ago was the first upright ape. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1.8mya
1.5mya homo-errectus disperses out of Africa to Europe/Asia. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 150,000... evolved in Europe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
100,000 years ago
30,000 years ago they replace Neanderthals |
|
|
