Term
| what is the goal of neural engineering? |
|
Definition
| provide electrical interfaces to the nervous system to ameliorate disease states |
|
|
Term
| what does an array of electrodes that is inserted into the cochlea of a deaf person allow to happen? |
|
Definition
| allows the person to hear due to the microphone that picks up sound & transduces it to a receiver inside the skull which is converted into a series of electrical pulses that stimulates various electrodes at different spots along the basilar membrane |
|
|
Term
| are we close to having retinal prosthetics? |
|
Definition
| no (still some time away from being clinically viable) |
|
|
Term
| idea behind retinal prosthetics |
|
Definition
| replace the activity of the damaged retina to allow for visual stimuli to be experienced |
|
|
Term
| is deep brain stimulation (DBS) commonly used for dystonia & Parkinson's Disease? |
|
Definition
| yes (has been well proved in over 100,000 people!) |
|
|
Term
| are brain-computer interfaces (BCI) to restore motor function clinically viable? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| goal of BCI to restore motor function |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cursor on screen can be controlled by electrodes implanted in ______ so that we can map the direction of movement associated with the different neural firings |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what can Jan (paralyzed woman from Pitt) do with her BCI? |
|
Definition
| control a robotic arm to be able to even feed herself! |
|
|
Term
| 6 reasons reaching is difficult |
|
Definition
1. it takes years to learn
2. redundant degrees of freedom
3. muscles are complex
4. spinal reflexes
5. inputs & outputs are in different formants
6. you have to pre-plan movements |
|
|
Term
| Morasso task to study the properties of arm movements |
|
Definition
| subjects were asked to move an object on a table from one location to another |
|
|
Term
| Morasso results from studying the properties of arm movements |
|
Definition
| there are many regularities in the reaches |
|
|
Term
| what was the shape of the hand velocity data profile from Morasso's reaching experiments? |
|
Definition
| "bell-shaped velocity profile" |
|
|
Term
| Fitts' Law as it pertains to reaching regularities |
|
Definition
| there is a speed/accuracy tradeoff |
|
|
Term
| "2/3 power law" as it pertains to reaching regularities |
|
Definition
| speed is relative to curvature |
|
|
Term
| how does handwriting represent the scale & effector invariance of arm movements? |
|
Definition
| writing with different hands or different utensils look similar |
|
|
Term
| are repeated arm movements similar or different? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| are arm movements smooth or coarse? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Flash & Hogan model for explaining why hand movements were smooth & straight with the bell-shaped velocity |
|
Definition
| we perform movements in a manner that aim to decrease jerk (jerk = derivative of acceleration) |
|
|
Term
| who proposed the signal-dependent noise theory of motor control? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| who proposed the optimal feedback control theory of motor control? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| who proposed the internal models theory of motor control? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 (safe) assumptions made by the signal-dependent noise theory of motor control |
|
Definition
1. the goal of motor control is to make accurate movements
2. neural control signals are Poisson: the noise scales with the signal
3. noise accumulates over the duration of the movement |
|
|
Term
| signal-dependent theory of motor control |
|
Definition
| for a given movement duration, the neural command minimizes error OR for a given error tolerance, the neural command maximizes the speed |
|
|
Term
| 3 parts to the optimal feedback control theory of motor control |
|
Definition
1. a multiple-input, multiple-output system may have redundancies
2. when such a system is noisy, the redundant space can be exploited
3. "Don't correct errors that don't hurt you" |
|
|
Term
which motor control theory is described by this example system:
1. goal: X1 + X2 = 2 --> this is not difficult! you set both inputs to equal 1, then the problem is solved
2. suppose the system is perturbed & you need to get back to your goal state --> moving back to your solution manifold is the minimum intervention solution
3. even if it is not exactly at 1,1 --> it may be easier to settle at 1.8,0.2 to still have the end goal be the same even though it is not exactly where it was at the perturbation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| "minimal intervention principle" (Todorov & Jordan) |
|
Definition
| the nervous system tolerates & does not correct variability that does not impact task performance |
|
|
Term
| what principle calls for "do not correct variability that does not matter" |
|
Definition
| "minimal intervention principle" |
|
|
Term
| benefit of OFC (optimal feedback control) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hallmark of an OFC (optimal feedback control) solution |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the thinking behind the internal models theory of motor control? |
|
Definition
-if feedback were fast, you could just start moving & correct as you go
-instead, the brain builds an internal representation of the body & the environment |
|
|
Term
| 3 non-ideal aspects of muscles |
|
Definition
1. force depends on length & velocity
2. sluggish
3. they only work in one direction |
|
|
Term
| the same neural command to a muscle can be interpreted differently depending on the ______! |
|
Definition
| current length/velocity of the muscle |
|
|
Term
| what body part is made up of sliding filaments & cross bridges? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| force of muscle depends on ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| experiments conducted on ______ demonstrated that muscle force depends on length |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in parallel with muscle fibers; detect muscle length |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in series with muscle fibers; detect muscle force |
|
|
Term
| muscle spindles regulate ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what reflex is described in this example: if someone pours water into your cup, you can react to the cup getting heavier & lift it back up by tightening muscles more as opposed to just dropping the cup if you could not adjust your muscles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how did Evarts learn that M1 codes muscles? |
|
Definition
| spike-triggered averaging to identify neurons that project directly to the spinal cord; EMG recorded activity of wrist muscles & electrode was placed in M1 --> could see result from M1 AP --> EMG muscle spike |
|
|
Term
| how was this question tested: does this M1 cell care about the movement or the muscle? |
|
Definition
| monkey would manipulate the object which could be weighted with various weight; looked at EMG from wrist flexor & wrist extensor; recorded from pyramidal tract neuron |
|
|
Term
| how does Georgeopoulos & Schwartz learn that M1 codes movement? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Georgeopoulos & Schwartz center-out reach task conclusion |
|
Definition
| a population of neurons cares about the direction of had movement & does not need to care about the force needed for the hand to get there |
|
|
Term
| how did Strick learn that M1 codes both movement & muscle? |
|
Definition
| designed an apparatus that could disentangle the wrist movement & movement of the cursor on the screen; sometimes the monkey had to be pro (wrist-up), mid (wrist-sideways), or sup (wrist-down) |
|
|
Term
| Strick M1 coding experiment results |
|
Definition
1. some neurons were muscle-like
2. some neurons were extrinsic-like
3. some neurons were kind of both |
|
|
Term
| the eye-to-hand reference frame transformation consists of: ______ |
|
Definition
| visual receptive fields combine with proprioception to yield limb-centered tuning which drives the muscles! |
|
|
Term
| series of experiments demonstrated that neurons in parietal cortex responded for reaching movements with how reach movements related to ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Churchland & Shenoy believed that M1 codes ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is meant by "variability is conserved" if M1 codes dynamics? |
|
Definition
| if one neuron is firing a little higher, an associated neuron will fire a little higher too! to keep their population response equivalent |
|
|
Term
| M1 coding for ______ is described by this statement: common motifs of responses are the same depending on the action being made (i.e. reach to left or reach to right) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the firs step in looking at structured variability across a neural population according to Churchland & Shenoy? |
|
Definition
| throw away the mean response |
|
|
Term
| goal of neural prosthetics |
|
Definition
| help someone who has a spinal cord injury so basically, they can still think about actions & make motor plans --> neural prosthetics can reanimate the muscles in response to the neural signals |
|
|
Term
| Collinger does a lot of _______ work |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Schwartz neural prosthetics |
|
Definition
| can get a monkey BCI to grasp different objects |
|
|
Term
| what are used in BCI systems to allow for looking at the activity of multiple neurons recorded simultaneously during a single trial --> use these signals to control a cursor on a computer screen? |
|
Definition
| multielectrode array recordings |
|
|
Term
| most BCI work is done using ______ |
|
Definition
| monkey neural activity & mapping that activity to move a cursor on a screen |
|
|
Term
| 3 steps in calibrate the BCI for "observation-based calibration" |
|
Definition
1. we move the cursor right or left
2. neurons are active
3. map those activity patterns to cursor kinematics |
|
|
Term
| how can a monkey control a BCI? |
|
Definition
| if the monkey can generate those same patterns that aroused when he watched the cursor on the screen, he can control the movement with his neural activity to hit the target |
|
|
Term
| three decode algorithms for BCI |
|
Definition
1. population vector
2. linear filter
3. kalman filter |
|
|
Term
| what task was used to determine the population vector algorithm of decoding neural activity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 parts of the population vector algorithm for BCI decoding |
|
Definition
1. neurons are broadly tuned
2. many neurons active during each reach
3. "population code" for movement direction |
|
|
Term
| 4 steps for the population vector algorithm for BCI decoding |
|
Definition
1. fit each neuron with a cosine
2. estimate the preferred direction
3. weight each preferred direction by the cell's firing weight
4. sum all the weighted vectors |
|
|
Term
| intuition behind linear filter for BCI decoding |
|
Definition
| each spike contributes a little pulse of movement...add those together |
|
|
Term
| simple way to describe linear filter for BCI decoding |
|
Definition
| it is just movement direction = neural activity with some involvement of noise & other free parameters |
|
|
Term
| Bayesian statistics is an effort to ameliorate two different kinds of predictors: ______ |
|
Definition
1. prior knowledge
2. observed evidence |
|
|
Term
| the following is an example of what kind of statistics: if you are asked if it is going to rain tomorrow, your prior knowledge would be what time of year it is (e.g. October vs. July) & your observation would be what the weather looks like overnight (e.g. dark & storm vs. warm & clear) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do you do Bayesian statistics with reaches for BCI (kalman filter decoding)? |
|
Definition
using the trajectory model (prior knowledge of arm position/trajectory) & observation (neural) model, we compute at each time point:
-arm estimate: a function of its previous state & the current neural activity
-arm's dynamics + neural activity |
|
|
Term
| what is the motivating question behind latent variable modeling? |
|
Definition
| what does the activity of a neuron really tell us? |
|
|
Term
| dysfunction at the _______ can result in motor (PD, HD), cognitive (ADHD, Tourette's), & affective (OCD) symptoms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| basal ganglia output is directed at what two areas of cerebral cortex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is the input-output system of the basal ganglia highly topographic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| does the basal ganglia communicate with the cerebellum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is the dorsal or ventral striatum the source of a major 'open loop' input to the cerebral cortex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the basal ganglia collects information to direct ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| multiple regions of cerebral cortex project into the ______ (the input structure of the BG) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cerebellar loop with the cerebral cortex |
|
Definition
| cerebral cortex --> cerebellar cortex --> influence the major output nuclei of the cerebellum --> major output to ventral-lateral nucleus of thalamus --> drove motor cortex |
|
|
Term
| BG motor circuit with the cerebral cortex |
|
Definition
| M1 --> striatum --> GPi/SNr --> VL thalamus --> back to M1 |
|
|
Term
| five 'circuits' that incorporate the BG |
|
Definition
1. skeleto-motor
2. oculo-motor
3. dorsolateral prefrontal
4. lateral orbitofrontal
5. anterior cingulate |
|
|
Term
| what is the big picture idea concerning the five circuits that incorporate the BG? |
|
Definition
| multiple circuits from distinct areas of the cerebral cortex go to distinct portions of the striatum to control these overall distinct functional/anatomical loops |
|
|
Term
| how were the five circuits that incorporate the BG tested to see if they actually existed? |
|
Definition
| use rabies virus to do retrograde transport to test out the circuits |
|
|
Term
| big cool thing about using rabies for anatomical tracing |
|
Definition
| it can be transported up through second order neurons! |
|
|
Term
| basal ganglia have the capacity to influence cortical areas involved in what 4 domains? |
|
Definition
1. movement
2. cognition
3. affect
4. visuo-spatial perception |
|
|
Term
| are the basal ganglia just motor structures? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| topographic layout of the striatum |
|
Definition
| limbic, executive, motor (with individual leg/arm/face regions), & then limbic again |
|
|
Term
| what is another name for the caudate putamen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does PD affect striatal function? |
|
Definition
| when the SNc degenerates (particularly the ventral part), there is a DA depletion from the motor component of the striatum |
|
|
Term
| does the SNc project to the whole striatum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| one pro & one con for using L-DOPA as a treatment for PD |
|
Definition
pro: it helps replenish DA
con: it may cause too much DA in parts of the striatum that do not need it! |
|
|
Term
| HD is deemed symptomatic when ______ |
|
Definition
| the patients begin to show motor symptoms |
|
|
Term
| looking at pre-HD pathology, there are issues with _______ areas of striatum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| as HD progresses, it spreads to involve ______ & ______ function |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what was the goal of experiments where they injected bicuculline (GABAergic antagonist) into various sections of the BG? |
|
Definition
| shut off certain cells in the various striatum regions (limbic, motor, executive, executive striatum specifically) --> gave credence to the hypotheses earlier of the different segments within the GPe |
|
|
Term
| why are bicuculline injections reversible dysfunction? |
|
Definition
| it is quickly metabolized |
|
|
Term
| executive territory GPe bicuculline injection --> ? |
|
Definition
| movements are normal BUT monkey does not stop moving! |
|
|
Term
| executive territory striatum bicuculline injection --> ? |
|
Definition
| monkey makes very few movements & if he makes one it is terribly slow |
|
|
Term
| motor territory arm representation GPe bicuculline injection --> ? |
|
Definition
| monkey demonstrated dyskinesia (abnormal movements) |
|
|
Term
| limbic territory GPe bicuculline injection --> ? |
|
Definition
| nail biting continuous for 2 hours! |
|
|
Term
| how did the experimenters ensure that the monkey tests where different areas of BG influence different cortical areas to influence behavior in different ways was true anatomically (not just that it behaviorally made sense)? |
|
Definition
| did a rabies injection test |
|
|
Term
| limbic bicuculline injection in GPe --> ? |
|
Definition
| stereotypy following injection |
|
|
Term
| associative bicuculline injection in GPe --> ? |
|
Definition
| hyperactivity following injection |
|
|
Term
| sensorimotor bicuculline injection in GPe --> ? |
|
Definition
| dyskinesia following injection |
|
|
Term
| is there a topography of function & of output in the GPe? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how was it discovered that there is cerebellar output to the basal ganglia? |
|
Definition
| injected rabies into striatum --> first order neurons in thalamus --> further retrograde transneuronal transport to second-order neurons in deep cerebellar nuclei! |
|
|
Term
| how was it discovered that there is basal ganglia output to the cerebellum? |
|
Definition
| injected rabies into cerebellum --> first order retrograde neurons in pons --> further retrograde transport to second order STN in BG! |
|
|
Term
| output stage of BG (STN) --> disynaptically to _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| output stage of cerebellum (deep nuclei) --> disynaptically to ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how did brain scans from PD patients link cerebellar & basal ganglia activation? |
|
Definition
| they show that the cerebellum is very much lit up on the scans! |
|
|
Term
| ______ is "characterized by reduced metabolic activity in prefrontal & parietal cortex, associated with relative increases in the cerebellum & dentate nuclei" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do tics in Tourette syndrome show that cerebellar & basal ganglia activation are linked? |
|
Definition
| Tourette = classic BG disorder, but scans show cerebellum as activated as well! |
|
|
Term
| how does appetitive classical conditioning show that cerebellar & basal ganglia activation are linked? |
|
Definition
| cerebellum was scanned as a control, but it turned out to be as activated as the BG during the conditioning! |
|
|
Term
| we think of cerebellum as learning through ______ & BG as learning through ______ |
|
Definition
cerebellum = synaptic plasticity
BG = practice/reward |
|
|
Term
| once you go back third order before the GPi/SNr, you have what three possible inputs? |
|
Definition
1. direct pathway (putamen)
2. indirect pathway (GPe)
3. STN |
|
|
Term
| injections in the STN to test input & output from M1 --> ? |
|
Definition
| saw that the two regions overlapped! |
|
|
Term
| did injections in the putamen to test input & output from M1 --> ? |
|
Definition
| saw that the two regions overlapped! |
|
|
Term
| do ventral regions of the putamen get input from M1? does it project to M1? |
|
Definition
| do not get input from M1 BUT it projects to M1 |
|
|
Term
| what is this an example of: PD patient can barely walk but can pretty much perfectly ride a bike! |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| proposed that ______ is what is allowing a PD patient who can barely walk to be able to ride his bike |
|
Definition
| open loop ventral pathway (maybe because it was a lifelong love of his) |
|
|
Term
| where is the human hippocampus located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why does the name hippocampus mean "seahorse"? |
|
Definition
| because the structure, in humans, looks like a seahorse |
|
|
Term
| does the rat hippocampus look like a seahorse? |
|
Definition
| no - it looks more like a banana-shape |
|
|
Term
| 4 parts of the rat hippocampal formation |
|
Definition
1. dentate gyrus
2. CA3
3. CA1
4. entorhinal cortex |
|
|
Term
| 3 parts of the hippocampus proper |
|
Definition
1. DG: dentate gyrus ("tooth-like bump")
2. hilus (reciprocally connected to DG)
3. CA3/CA1: Cornu Amonis (Ammon's horn) |
|
|
Term
| hippocampal basic circuit: EC (entorhinal cortex) --> via layer III perforant path --> ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hippocampal basic circuit: EC --> via layer II perforant path --> ? (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hippocampal basic circuit: DG --> via mossy fibers --> ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hippocampal basic circuit: CA3 --> via Schaffer collaterals --> ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hippocampal basic circuit: CA3 --> via recurrent collaterals --> ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is one of the largest & most powerful synapses in the brain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 parts of the hippocampal system |
|
Definition
1. EC: entorhinal cortex
2. hippocampus proper (DG/hilus, CA3, CA1)
3. sub: subiculum |
|
|
Term
| the hippocampus is connected via _____ & ______ pathways to cortical areas & subcortical areas |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is the hippocampus well connected to other brain areas or more isolated? |
|
Definition
| very well connected (it is "looking at" what a lot of the brain is doing) |
|
|
Term
| 2 input/output pathways for hippocampus |
|
Definition
1. alveus/fimbria/fornix
2. EC |
|
|
Term
| alveus/fimbria/fornix communicates with ______ & _____ |
|
Definition
| septal nuclei & mammillary bodies |
|
|
Term
| why was it thought that the hippocampus may form new episodic memories? |
|
Definition
| anterograde amnesia (HM & others) patients had hippocampal damage |
|
|
Term
| why was it thought that hippocampus may be a cognitive map? |
|
Definition
| place cells in rats; spatial attention cells in monkeys |
|
|
Term
| why was it thought that hippocampus may be involved in configural association? |
|
Definition
| lesioned rats are impaired on tasks requiring them to recognize cue configurations |
|
|
Term
| HM's bilateral partial hippocampectomy was thought to be responsible for his _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the _____ is more easily damaged than other brain areas, e.g. more sensitive to anoxia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| F Vargha-Khadem (1997): people with hippocampal damage (due to anoxic episodes, seizures, or a drug overdose) exhibit ______ but ______ |
|
Definition
| disabling memory problems (e.g. list recall) but otherwise intellectually "normal" (speech, language, literacy, factual knowledge) |
|
|
Term
| Alzheimer's patients show hippocampal damage & exhibit _____ deficits |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| loss of hippocampus --> _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| David Marr's theory of hippocampus |
|
Definition
| hippocampus encodes episodes by associating inputs from different sensory modalities into a unified whole |
|
|
Term
| the architecture of hippocampus supports rapid storing of _______ |
|
Definition
| a day's worth of memories (say 10,000 items) |
|
|
Term
| _____ can perform associative retrieval given a partial memory (e.g. a particular odor might remind us of an incident in our past) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hippocampus is short-term storage; memories are transferred to _____ during sleep |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Marr's (1971) hippocampal model |
|
Definition
-binary patterns stored as fixed-point attractors
-circuitry does pattern completion for associative recall
-recurrent connections in CA3 help with completion
-conjunctive subsampling plus threshold gives orthogonalization for better pattern separation |
|
|
Term
| how is spatial working memory tested? |
|
Definition
| 8-arm radial maze with food cups at each arm end; all food cups are baited at the beginning of each trial; during each trial, rats must remember which arms have already been visited |
|
|
Term
| Naeve et al 1997 spatial working memory task & results |
|
Definition
| 8-arm radial maze with food cups at each arm end; rats must remember which arms have already been visited because a second arm visit provides no reward --> rats with hippocampal lesions are severely impaired at this task |
|
|
Term
| what task was used to determine whether the hippocampus was involved in sequence learning? (2 versions) |
|
Definition
cups filled with sand have food buried under them; each cup is scented with a unique odor; rat learns a sequence of odors in which he gets presented those cups
experiment 1: rat is given two cups & can dig in one or the other; the cup whose odorant came earlier in the sequence has food, the other does not
experiment 2: instead of a sequential order task, it is a scent recognition task in which one cup has an odor from the sequence & the other cup has a novel odor; the cup with the novel odor has the food |
|
|
Term
| how do hippocampal lesioned rats perform on the sequential learning task? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do hippocampal lesioned rats perform on the odor recognition task? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what did the sequential odor task demonstrate about the hippocampus? |
|
Definition
| there is a specific issue with sequence ordered discrimination in hippocampal lesions! |
|
|
Term
| ______ quickly stores episodic memories via a one-shot Hebbian learning rule |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ creates more sophisticated memory representations, which requires a gradient-descent learning rule & multiple passes through the training data |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ trains _______ by replaying stored memories so that the gradient descent learning rule can do its job |
|
Definition
| hippocampus trains cortex |
|
|
Term
| McClelland et al (1995) argues that the transfer from hippocampus --> cortex is necessary for memories because _______ |
|
Definition
| multiple passes through training data is necessary for real pattern learning |
|
|
Term
| what theory says that hippocampus maintains a representation of space? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| O'Keefe = discoverer of ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Moser & Moser = discovered _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how were place cells discovered in rats by O'Keefe & Dostrovsky (1971)? |
|
Definition
| noticed continuous firing fields with gaussian falloff; place fields over the physical space, forming a "cognitive map" of the environment |
|
|
Term
| _______ observed that certain hippocampal cells would fire high activity when the rat was in a specific area in the open field arena (technically called a Muller cylinder) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| place fields are present instantly in a new environment, but take ______ minutes to fully develop |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| can place cells be controlled by distal visual cues? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| are place cells dependent on visual input? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| only about _______ of place cells have fields in a typical small environment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| do place cells have related fields in different environments? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is the topography of physical map in space reflected in topography of place cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the shape of place fields in a cylindrical & square arena? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the peak firing rats of place fields? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| are place fields in a cylindrical & square arena related? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mittelstaedt & Mittelstaedt (1980): gerbil pup retrieval |
|
Definition
| took a pup out of the nest box & moved to another location; in the dark, the mother would wander around until she found him to bring him back; once found, her path back to the nest was nearly a straight beeline back to the nest! |
|
|
Term
| how did Mittelstaedt & Mittelstaedt avoid this compound in their gerbil pup retrieval path integration in rodents task: was there another sensory cue? such as the smell of the nest box or hearing her other pups? |
|
Definition
| the authors would move the cup with the mom & the found pup ever so slightly so she would not notice |
|
|
Term
| _______ cells learn & maintain the correspondence between local view representations & path integrator coordinates |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Redish & Touretsky model of rodent navigation |
|
Definition
local view information (from visual system) --> place cells
local view information --> heat direction information --> path integrator --> place cells
local view information --> head direction information --> local view system |
|
|
Term
| can rats do path integration in the dark? |
|
Definition
| only for a certain period of time! |
|
|
Term
| 5 places where place cells can be found |
|
Definition
1. EC
2. DG
3. CA3
4. CA1
5. subiculum |
|
|
Term
| 2 places where head direction cells can be found |
|
Definition
1. presubiculum
2. retrosplenial cortex |
|
|
Term
| Samsonovich & McNaughton model |
|
Definition
| a hippocampal model based on attractor bump theory |
|
|
Term
| attractor bump theory: bump moves around on the sheet by changes in activity on _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Samsonovich & McNaughton's "charts" proposal |
|
Definition
| you are born with a certain number of charts in the hippocampus & when you are in a new place, an unused map is "grabbed" to use for that place |
|
|
Term
| can the hippocampus represent multiple maps simultaneously? |
|
Definition
| yes (in wiring patterns & can activate one of the maps depending on where the rat is) |
|
|
Term
| why can multiple maps co-exist in an attractor network? |
|
Definition
| because activity patterns are sparse, the weight matrix is also sparse |
|
|
Term
| simulation of how multiple maps can co-exist in an attractor network (hippocampus place cell maps) |
|
Definition
in simulation: neurons that are nearby neighbors have strong connections, far away neurons have weak connections; when in a new map, the neurons locations are shuffled, & connection weights are re-distributed
in real life: obviously, they do not move around BUT we can think of connection weights as changing for various maps! |
|
|
Term
| how did Oler & Markus (2000) test task-dependent hippocampal remapping? |
|
Definition
| recorded from DG, CA3, & CA1 while animals (rats) ran wither on a figure-8 or plus maze |
|
|
Term
| results of Oler & Markus (2000) task-dependent hippocampal remapping task |
|
Definition
-some cells only had a firing field in task A
-some cells only had a firing field in task B
-some cells fired for a given place (e.g. on the bottom right arm) regardless of task |
|
|
Term
| do all neuron fields remap depending on which task was being performed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| do rats remap place cells immediately upon changing tasks? |
|
Definition
| not necessarily (onset may be delayed, rate may be gradual, extend may be partial or complete) |
|
|
Term
| Bostock et al (1991): delayed abrupt complete remapping task & results |
|
Definition
-train in cylinder with white card, then alternate exposure to white & black cards
-most rats did not remap upon first exposure to black card
-but once a rat remapped, it continued to do so |
|
|
Term
| how did Masters & Skaggs test if remapping of hippocampal place cells matters? |
|
Definition
| rats would get a brain stim reward at a specific location in the white card task & a different location in the black card task; one rat quickly remapped & learned the task, one never did either, a third rat did not remap until day 11, when it suddenly "got" the task |
|
|
Term
| Johnson & Redish (2007) hippocampal replay experiment |
|
Definition
| hippocampus plays sequence forward, from present position to the goal, when animal is paused at a T-intersection & deciding which way to turn |
|
|
Term
| Foster & Wilson (2006) hippocampal replay experiment |
|
Definition
| hippocampus replays sequences backwards when animal is paused |
|
|
Term
| can we recover position from firing rate pattern of place cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what kind of experiments gave a role for hippocampus in spatial cognition? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where did McNaughton place the path integrator in the brain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why did Redish & Touretsky say that the path integrator cannot be in the hippocampus? |
|
Definition
| multiple maps make it too hard to update position |
|
|
Term
| Where did Fyhn et al (2004) find the path integrator? |
|
Definition
| medial entorhinal cortex ("grid" cells) |
|
|
Term
| Sutherland & Rudy (1988) Morris water maze task |
|
Definition
| rats with fornix lesions can still navigate to a visual platform, but they are impaired at learning to find the hidden platform |
|
|
Term
| why is the Morris water maze filled with milky (opaque), cold water |
|
Definition
| it prevents rats from being able to see that platform! |
|
|
Term
| eye movements place the image of things that interest us on the _______ |
|
Definition
| fovea (the part of the retina with the highest activity) |
|
|
Term
| eye movement allow us to track a moving object, to keep the image of that item on the _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if an image appears to a certain site, eye movements called _______ rotate both eyes to that image now falls on the fovea of each |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if you look (i.e. direct the fovea) from a far object to a near one, _______ eye movements are taking place |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when an object moves, the image can be kept still on the fovea by mean of a _______ eye movement (e.g. when tracking a moving ball or your finger) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if we move our head, the _______ eye movement is elicited whose function is to keep the image still on the whole retina, not just the fovea |
|
Definition
| vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) |
|
|
Term
| the _______ is activated when the image of the world slips on a large portion of the retina & produce a sense of self motion (e.g. you sometimes feel like you are moving when sitting in a car that is stopped & a car beside you starts to move) |
|
Definition
| optokinetic response (nystagmus) |
|
|
Term
| how many extraocular muscles operate as three agonist/antagonist pairs to move each eye? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lateral/medial recti - _______ movements |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| superior/inferior recti - _______ movements; small contribution to torsion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| superior oblique/inferior oblique - _______ & to a smaller extent, vertical movements |
|
Definition
| torsion (cyclorotation of the orbit) |
|
|
Term
| lateral rectus: turns _______ |
|
Definition
| temporally (i.e. away from the nose) |
|
|
Term
| superior rectus: turns _______ |
|
Definition
| upwards (& intorts a little - towards the nose) |
|
|
Term
| superior oblique: moves eye ________ |
|
Definition
| intorts (i.e. rotates towards the nose) & moves down a little bit |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| innervation differences between lateral rectus & medial rectus |
|
Definition
lateral = abducens
medial = oculomotor |
|
|
Term
| does the abducens nerve cross the midline? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which disorder is described by this: patients can look straight ahead fine or in one direction fine, but when the patient wants to look to the other direction (i.e. left) the abducens nerve for the lateral rectus on that side isn't working so that eye won't move (i.e. left eye won't move) |
|
Definition
| sixth nerve (abducens) palsy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| parasympathetic (pupillary) response of the eye |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| eye movement control hierarchy |
|
Definition
| cerebral centers (frontal eye fields, parieto-occipital eye fields) --> higher order premotor centers (superior colliculus, cerebellar flocculus) --> lower order premotor centers (PPRF, MRF, vestibular nuclei) --> ocular motor nucleus --> ocular motor nerves --> extraocular muscles |
|
|
Term
| Ghandi's three monkeys experiment |
|
Definition
| you look at a gaze pattern of a monkey viewing an image of three monkeys; when the dot is stationary, the animal is fixating; when the dot is moving, the animal is making saccades across the image |
|
|
Term
| as the size of an eye movement increases, the _______ of the eye movement increases pretty much linearly |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| do both cortical & subcortical regions contribute to the control of saccades? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ neurons discharge at a tonic rate during fixation, burst during ipsiversive eye movements, & decrease or cease activity during contraversive eye movements |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the eye position (during fixation) is directly proportional to the discharge rate of ______ neurons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| tonic firing of abducens motoneurons --> ? |
|
Definition
| holding the eye in that position that corresponds with the level of firing of the active neurons |
|
|
Term
| paramedian pontine reticular formation (PPRF) burst activity scales with the size of _______ |
|
Definition
| eye movement (increasing horizontal movement --> increases in firing) |
|
|
Term
| ______ control the phasic (increases/decreases) in abducens neuron firing associated with eye movements |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 parts of the eye circuit that serve as the neural integrators |
|
Definition
| nucleus prepositus hypoglossi & medial vestibular complex |
|
|
Term
| ______ integrates the information of changes in PPRF firing associated with the movement & uses that information to determine how high or low the firing rate should be for the abducens neurons when they hold their tonic rate associated with a specific fixation point |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where do we find omnipause neurons (OPNs) |
|
Definition
| paramedian pontine reticular formation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| monosynaptically inhibit EBNs; tonic discharge rate during fixation & cease activity during saccades, functioning in anti-phase with EBNs |
|
|
Term
| _______ "gate" the saccade generation pathway |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does the pulse signal come from to generate saccades (horizontal vs vertical/torsional)? |
|
Definition
horizontal = PPRF
vertical & torsional = riMLF |
|
|
Term
| where does the step signal come from to generate saccades (horizontal vs vertical/torsional) come from? |
|
Definition
horizontal = PPH (nucleus prepositus hypoglossi)
vertical & torsional = INC |
|
|
Term
| visual field sections are mapped onto _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| does the superior colliculus have topographical organization? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the superior colliculus located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| superior colliculus has things close to the _______ more highly represented |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the SC is a laminar structure separated functionally into _______, _______, & ______ layers |
|
Definition
| superficial, intermediate, & deep |
|
|
Term
| difference between what excites superficial vs. intermediate/deep layers of the superior colliculus |
|
Definition
superficial = respond to the presentation of a visual target
intermediate/deep = elicit motor with or without a visual response |
|
|
Term
| is the sensory response to SC limited to visual stimuli? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is the motor output of SC limited to saccades? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does SC neuron activity change throughout a task in which a visual cue precedes a motor output saccade? |
|
Definition
| increase in activity slightly after target presentation ("visual" burst) --> drops down to baseline --> big increase in activity at saccade ("motor" burst) |
|
|
Term
| how does FEF neuron activity change throughout a task in which a visual cue precedes a motor output saccade? |
|
Definition
| increase in activity slightly after target presentation ("visual" burst) --> remains at increased firing level --> further slight increase at saccade ("motor" burst) |
|
|
Term
| 3 types of activity neurons in SC |
|
Definition
1. both strong visual & saccade-related responses
2. weak visual response but high saccade-related responses
3. bursts at neither but change activity in between visual & saccade times |
|
|
Term
| each neuron in the ______ layers of the SC discharges during saccades of a restricted amplitude & direction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does the topographic map of movement fields in the intermediate & deep layers of the SC coincide with the visual response fields of the superficial layers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| will a given SC neuron fire for saccades of many different amplitudes & directions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| who expressed deep skepticism regarding the idea that memory traces (engrams) were in a particular region of the cerebral cortex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| two principles proposed by Karl Lashley regarding where memories are stored |
|
Definition
Equipotentiality: different regions contributed equivalently to the storage of a memory trace - because damage to any region causes a loss
mass action: memories depend on the collective action of numerous regions - because the greater the cortical territory destroyed, the graver the loss |
|
|
Term
| Lashley's task to study memory engrams |
|
Definition
| training rats to run a maze & then kept track of how many errors were made in the maze & how that related to cortical lesions |
|
|
Term
| 2 results following HM's bilateral hippocampectomy |
|
Definition
1. reduction in seizure frequency
2. almost complete loss of recent memory |
|
|
Term
| hippocampus is part of the _______ cortex |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| one way hippocampus is not cortical & one way that it is |
|
Definition
-it is not cortical in the sense that it is not 6-layered
-topographically it is part of the cortical gray matter sheet at its edge |
|
|
Term
| ______ lies next to the entorhinal cortex which lies next to the perirhinal cortex |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 steps through which hippocampus communicates with subcortical structures |
|
Definition
1. via a bundle of fibers that go under corpus callosum
2. up to basal forebrain
3. hits the septum |
|
|
Term
| hippocampus communicates with the rest of the cortex via fibers that emanate from/travel to the _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of amnesia did HM have? |
|
Definition
| anterograde (could not remember new information) |
|
|
Term
| what type of things could HM have memories for? |
|
Definition
| distinct events that happened prior to his operation (especially good for distant memories) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the inability to form new memories despite the ability to remember old ones |
|
|
Term
| Jay McClelland et al consolidation theory |
|
Definition
| episodic memories are stored first in the hippocampus in the form of a sparse & temporary representation & gradually transferred to the neocortex in the form of a distributed & permanent representation |
|
|
Term
| despite being sparse, hippocampus would still eventually fill up --> therefore, memories eventually move out from the hippocampus to the _______ in order that they first came in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in the neocortex, stored knowledge is represented in a _______ fashion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| as the _______ process takes place with information being gradually transferred to neocortex, the information that is transferred is no longer held in the hippocampus to allow it to have space for new "snapshots" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 times when memory consolidation may occur |
|
Definition
1. during sleep
2. constant rehearsal during the day |
|
|
Term
| _______ is there to provide a medium for the initial storage of memories in a form that avoids interference with the knowledge already acquired in the neocortical system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why does incorporation from hippocampus to neocortex take a long time? |
|
Definition
| to allow new knowledge to be interleaved with ongoing exposure to exemplars of the existing knowledge structure, so that eventually the new knowledge may be incorporated into the structured system already contained in the neocortex |
|
|
Term
| who touted this theory: episodic memories reside permanently in the hippocampus & the gradual transfer of information from the hippocampus to the neocortex gives rise to a neocortical representation underlying the semantic knowledge rather than episodic memory |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| memories are "consolidated" in neocortex are fundamentally different from those that were initially dependent on the hippocampus |
|
|
Term
| Wincour et al interpretation of HM's description of events from the past are impoverished in details even for events that occurred early in life |
|
Definition
| recall is not truly episodic |
|
|
Term
| what could imply the existence of an impairment extending beyond memory in amnesics affecting the ability to imagine events in context |
|
Definition
| even when describing imagined events, amnesiacs provide accounts relatively impoverished in internal detail |
|
|
Term
| hippocampus may play a role not only in taking snapshots of events in contexts ("episodes") BUT also in ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| results of this experiment: asking HM to identify celebrities who became famous either before or after his surgery (before 1950s, during 1950s, or after 1950s)? |
|
Definition
| he did as well as controls in recognizing famous people from before 1950s --> was slightly impaired for celebrities during 1950s --> was even more impaired for celebrities that became famous after 1950s |
|
|
Term
| semantic knowledge is stored in _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| evidence that hippocampal lesions may cause an impairment of semantic learning |
|
Definition
| HM could not learn the meanings of words new to him |
|
|
Term
| task that demonstrated that HM could not learn the meanings of words new to him |
|
Definition
| perform a series of trials where individuals would either have to define word, identify a synonym, use it in a sentence etc. --> HM simply never mastered the words |
|
|
Term
| what task demonstrated that amnesics possess a capacity for active rehearsing using a limited-capacity buffer |
|
Definition
| after viewing 10 words in succession over the course of half a minute, amnesic patients are as good as normal controls at recalling the final two words but their performance plummets for earlier words |
|
|
Term
| what would happen with amnesics if you interrupt word-recall with an intermediate task? |
|
Definition
| they are not be good at the most recent words anymore |
|
|
Term
| in a delayed match-to-sample task with a variable delay between the sample & the probes, how did HM do? |
|
Definition
| can retain categorical easily rehearsed information (trigram identity) over an indefinitely long delay in the absence of distraction but quickly loses difficult-to-rehearse parametric information (ellipse aspect ratio) |
|
|
Term
| what can we take away from the fact that HM can do fine on easily rehearsed categorical working memory information but quickly loses difficult-to-rehearse information? |
|
Definition
| active rehearsing using working memory can be used if that capacity was not stretched |
|
|
Term
| example experiment that showed hippocampal activity fires both when experiencing something & when recalling it? |
|
Definition
| patient's hippocampal activity fired much more highly when they saw the Simpson's --> when talking about the Simpson's, neural activity surged again! |
|
|
Term
| what demonstrated that classical conditioning does not depend on the hippocampus? |
|
Definition
| amnesics exhibit relatively normal Pavlovian conditioning |
|
|
Term
| task that demonstrated that amnesics exhibit relatively normal Pavlovian conditioning |
|
Definition
| patient would sit in front of a speaker/monitor & would hear either tones of high/low frequency & see either red/blue squares on a monitor; the subjects would also be next to an extremely loud boat horn; the subjects would also be recorded from skin electrodes for stress responses (sweating AKA skin conductance) |
|
|
Term
| can amnesics remember details about tasks? |
|
Definition
| no (even when they can perform the tasks fine) |
|
|
Term
| conclusion from the study that amnesics can do classical conditioning but cannot remember the task when asked details about it? |
|
Definition
| amnesics are capable of a form of learning that does not require episodic memory |
|
|
Term
| results from this task: individuals are shown very incomplete pictures (basically dot fragments) that are gradually filled in until they are the complete image (ex. an airplane); then, after waiting some time, you present reduced images & ask the person what they represent |
|
Definition
| there is a carry-over from previous sessions that allow the individuals to identify reduced picture even though they could not initially do so |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| yes (although he did not remember having taken the test before) |
|
|
Term
| how does HM do with mirror-drawing skill? |
|
Definition
| relatively normal acquisition & retention |
|
|
Term
| if you ask HM (or other amnesics) about details about the mirror-drawing task --> ? |
|
Definition
| they are poor at remembering details about the sessions during which they acquired the skill |
|
|
Term
| what task allowed this conclusion to be made: even skills altogether lacking a motor component appear not to depend on the hippocampus |
|
Definition
| amnesics show relatively normal acquisition & retention of the skill of mirror-drawing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| trying to figure out the "rules" of the environment |
|
|
Term
| what allowed this conclusion to be made: acquisition of knowledge about the relation between cues & outcomes when the relations are probabilistic appears not to depend on the hippocampus |
|
Definition
| amnesics show relatively normal statistical learning in the weather prediction task |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| you are shown cards with various designs on them & learn how the designs to various % chance of sun or rain; you are asked to predict sun or rain when a given card was shown |
|
|
Term
| what happens when you ask amnesics for details about a task they just performed (e.g. the weather prediction task)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| facts (semantic knowledge) & events (episodic memory) are dependent on the extended _______ system in the sense that damage to the system impairs newer (anterograde) acquisition in these domains |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rizzolatti et al important motor areas |
|
Definition
| M1, SMA, PMd, PMv, central cingulate motor area, rostral cingulate motor area, pre-SMA, FEF, SEF |
|
|
Term
| M1 is about equal to Brodmann's area ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| SMA + PMd + PMv + pre-SMA + SEF are about equal to Brodmann's area ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| FEF is about equal to Brodmann's area ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does motor cortex in humans relate to monkeys? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| are connecting motor pathways organized topographically? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| M1 plays a critical role in _______ |
|
Definition
| voluntary control of movement |
|
|
Term
| who did electrical stimulation on awake patients in various parts of the cerebral cortex & could determine the behavioral effects? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Penfield's stimulation of M1 --> ? |
|
Definition
| extension of toes, movement of foot, movement of knee, & movement of shoulder |
|
|
Term
| ______ published the classic homunculus as we know it today showing the different parts of the body represented by the motor cortex & how much cortex is dedicated to different parts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of experiment allowed for relation of activity in one small region of area M1 to activation of muscles as measured by EMG in monkey |
|
Definition
| spike-triggered averaging - recording electrical activation of individual muscles following action potentials fired by a cortical neuron - has revealed that even a single neuron's activity is correlated with contractions of multiple muscles |
|
|
Term
| do neurons influence a single muscle in a one-to-one ratio? |
|
Definition
| no (but sometimes can innervate related muscles) |
|
|
Term
| Lemon spike-triggered averaging experiment |
|
Definition
| activated an area of neurons as opposed to single neuron --> led to greater responses of the movement associated with the original neuron & then a few more movements come online |
|
|
Term
| what happens when a train of stimulation is given to M1 & activity in EMG muscles are recorded? |
|
Definition
| do not get nice spikes in EMG but tetanic wider plateau-like read outs |
|
|
Term
| how is a given digit represented in motor cortex? |
|
Definition
| represented several times over in different parts of motor cortex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| did a series of experiments to determine the "population vector" coding theory of motor neuron direction preference/contributions to movement |
|
|
Term
| how does neural firing rate allow for population vectors to be made for movement coding from M1? |
|
Definition
| neurons fire at a maximal rate for its "preferred" direction & slope off to either size in a bell-shaped curve |
|
|
Term
| does this study tell us whether neural activity really means movement direction or muscle direction: Georgeopoulos using vector averaging for estimating the direction of intended movement from population coding of multiple M1 neurons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Strick et al task to disentangle direction of movement vs muscle flexion/extension |
|
Definition
| monkey moves a lever up, down, right, left, etc. with the hand in different positions (prone [palm down], supine [palm up], or mid) |
|
|
Term
| did Strick et al task show that individual muscles are affected by extrinsic directions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| conclusion from these results: the firing of some neurons in M1 encodes extrinsic direction of motion (right, up, left, down) rather than anatomical direction (extension, flexion, ulna, radial) when these are dissociated by having monkey move a lever with hand prone or supine |
|
Definition
| although it is possible to activate certain muscles by activating certain neurons in the cortex, it is not really the case that it is a one-to-one ratio for neurons to muscles |
|
|
Term
| in the neurons where neuron preferred direction matches preferred muscle direction --> it is probably involved in _______ of movement |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in the neurons where neuron preferred direction is opposite preferred muscle direction --> it is probably involved in _______ movement |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in the neurons where neuron preferred direction is orthogonal to preferred muscle direction --> it is probably involved in _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the supplementary motor area (SMA) |
|
Definition
| medial face of cerebral hemisphere |
|
|
Term
| how was SMA first identified? |
|
Definition
| electrical stimulation studies in various species (including humans) |
|
|
Term
| who discovered the role of SMA stimulation from one of their patients? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is there a representation of the body in the SMA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do lesions of human SMA compare to lesions of M1? |
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Definition
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| 2 tests that showed what SMA lesions can lead to |
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Definition
1. patients have trouble making alternate movements of two hands (e.g. clenching hands in alternation)
2. serial movements (e.g. touching your fingers in a sequence with your thumb) |
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| what is the result of SMA lesions? |
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Definition
| the ability to make complex patterns of movement (not gross motor impairments) |
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| single neurons in monkey SMA give clear signs of involvement in ________ |
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Definition
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| Tanji et al study on SMA & sequence learning showed --> ? |
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Definition
| neurons in SMA fired differently depending on the sequence of movements (not necessarily the movement itself) & some neurons would fire between two specific movements, regardless of the rest of the sequence |
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Term
| What did Strick et al show us about PMv? |
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Definition
| neurons are sensitive to movement direction as described by an extrinsic system (not the intrinsic muscle-like pattern) |
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| some neurons in area _______ have visual receptive fields defined relative to the head, like neurons in parietal area VIP |
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Definition
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| as the eyes move, the receptive fields move on the ______ to stay fixed relative to the position of the head |
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Definition
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| result of this study: recorded from PMv neuron that had a receptive field on right side of monkey's face & responded to visual stimuli moving towards right side of monkey's face --> would show stimulus 1 (towards right side of face) or stimulus 2 (towards left side of face) |
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Definition
| neuron would respond to stimulus 1 (moving towards right side of face) regardless of where it was looking & would not respond to stimulus 2 (moving towards left side of face) regardless of where the monkey was looking |
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Term
| result of this study: monkey faces screen with multiple reach targets; on each trial, he fixated either on a right dot or a left dot; when looking at a dot, he could reach for one of four targets around the dot (so the middle target overlapped); recorded in PMv |
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Definition
| neural firing in PMv (with associations to MIP) would be strongest for a reach for a particular direction (regardless of where it was on the screen); neuron was sensitive for reach direction in retinal coordinates rather than body coordinates |
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Term
| result of this experiment: recording from PMv; had monkeys look at and/or grasp various objects |
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Definition
| neurons fired strongly when grasping an object in the light, grasping it in the dark, or just looking at it in th elight |
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Term
| who originally described mirror cells in PMv? |
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Definition
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Definition
| neurons that fire during a given grasping action by the monkey or when the monkey sees someone else perform that action - may embody "motor semantics" |
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