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Exam 2
Adolescent Psychology
139
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
10/24/2016

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Erickson's psychosocial stages
Definition

-wrote first lifespan theory

-it's about inner personal relationships

-interacting with others

-we will focus on identity vs. identity confusion

Term
Stage 5 identity vs. Identity confusion
Definition

-Identity crisis

-Turning point

-Actual self

Term
Identity Crisis
Definition

a normal developmental turning point

-this is the time to give the "me" more attention

-turning point

Term
crisis
Definition

means task

-it is not negative

Term
turning point
Definition

our thoughts are starting to turn to the future

love, work, ideology, thoughts

Term
Actual self
Definition

Who you actually are it's you acknowledging what you like

realistic, self as is

Term
Possible selves
Definition
adolescents experiment w/identities by imagining and "trying out" a number of possible selves, some positive and some negative
Term
(possible selves)Ideal self
Definition
what you want to be, positive views
Term
(Possible selves) Feared self
Definition
want to avoid becoming; negative views
Term
Identifications
Definition

relationships formed w/others in which love for another person leads one to want to be like that person

- we dont imitate that person but we integrate. we take things we like about that person and integrate into who we are

Term
love
Definition
admire
Term
Psychosocial moratorium
Definition

a time period when adult responsibilities are postponed as young people try various possible selves.

-Here we test our possible selves, figureo ut whats going on

Term
moratorium
Definition
putting things on hold
Term
Negative identity
Definition

seen as undesireable by society. This not like fear. 

-This is wanting to take on an identity that society deems bad, criminal, drug dealer

Term
False identity
Definition

Inaccurate representation of the self to others; fake self

-example: with potential dating partner, then parents, and then close friends last

-All this is Erikson

Term
identity statuses
Definition

are defined in terms of dimensions of commitment and exploration

 

-They are not stages more like approaches

-Identity formation is a life-long process

 

Term
When can we dedicate more time to shaping out identities?
Definition
late adolescence into adulthood
Term
identity diffused
Definition

adolescents have neither explored life options nor commited to alternatives

-Example: high student who did not know what to do in Colorado state. He was not worried about his future

Term
Identity moratorium
Definition

adolescents have begun to explore life options but remain uncommitted to any alternatives

-Example: do research to deide what major you would like

-Still not commited

-healthy time out doing thoughtful exploring

Term
Identity foreclosed
Definition

adolescents remain commited to parental ways and values with out exploring alternatives

-Example: make an early decision to commit; considered early because they didnt explore

-Friend that did everything that his dad told him to. You will go here, you will do this

Term
Identity Achieved
Definition

adolescent has explored ways and values and committed themselves to self-chosen alternatives

-Example: "we made it"

Term
Postmodern Critique
Definition

It is composed of diverse elements that do not always form a unified self

-Example: it's not one neat descriptor it is varied

-Stereotype of professor boring, reads alot, as opposed to the truth watches bachelor, sky dives, drinks beer

Term
Postmodern identity changes how?
Definition

Across contexts and changes continously throughtout the life course

(Example: Prof Chiarella went from being boring to being fun in mid life)

Identoty can still go through major shifts

Term
Self esteem
Definition

refers to a persons overall sense of worth and well being

-reports say college students have high self esteem

Term
Society's view of Self esteem for adolescence by age
Definition

low self esteem

good self esteem plunges to low self esteem

Term
Research results of Self esteem for adolescence by age
Definition
it is lower but its not this horrible low. there is a drop but it is not that bad
Term
Emerging adulthood self esteem
Definition
goes back up
Term
4 reasons for improved self esteem
Definition

1. comfortable with physical appearance

2. more opportunities to make our own choices

3.you feel more accepted by your parents

4. You care less about peer evaluations, dont care what they think

Term
Adolescents in the U.S. self esteem in general by gender
Definition
Males overall have higher self esteem because the girls feel mor pressure to look good so they feel worse about their physical appearance. Guys feel better about how they look
Term
Adolescents self esteem in U.S. by ethnicity
Definition

blacks have the highest

asian americans have the lowest

-blacks have group pride in who they are

-asians because asians usually come from collectivistic culture where they ddont value having high self esteem. so its not that they have low self esteem they just do not value it

Term
Self esteem by gender and ethnicity
Definition

Male whites have the highest and Male asian americans have the lowest

-Female blacks have the highest and and female whites have the lowest

- females compared to males have higher self esteem except between whites

-white females have lowest self esteem

Term
Self image
Definition
rfers to the way a person views and evaluates her/himself in soecific areas
Term
8 areas of self image/8 domains
Definition

1.scholastic competence

2.social acceptance

3. athletic competence

4. physical appearance

5.job competence

6.romantic appeal

7. behavioral conduct

8. close friendship

 

Term
scholastic competence
Definition
academic problem solving could be tasks, amth, how you do your school work, how good you are with school work
Term
social acceptance
Definition
popularity among your peers
Term
athletic competence
Definition
how successful you are in sports, physical athletic success
Term
physical appearance
Definition
believing you are good looking, how physically appealing
Term
job competence
Definition
adolescent level part time job; can you handle a part time job
Term
romantic appeal
Definition
are you dating material
Term
behavioral conduct
Definition

do you get in trouble alot?

do you engage in risky behaviors

Term
close friendship
Definition
ability to make and maintain intimate relationships, friendships
Term
For self image in the U.S. which 2 domains are the most important?
Definition

1.Physical appearance - number 1

2. Social acceptance came in second

Term
Which 2 domains of self image are less relevant to adolescents not in the U.S.?
Definition

athletic competence

job competence

 

Adolescents do no have to rank high on all just on the ones they care about if they rank low its low self esteem

Term
Autonomy
Definition

the process of defining the self

Example: Who owns the decision

-parents have always owned the decision, but now you want to make the decisions, you lie to parents

-Prof. Chiarella lied by omission

Term
Individuation
Definition

having and expressing ideas of your own and knowing how you are different than others

Example: not rbeling, but what do you think, uniques, special self, leaving one feeling lonely, You assert who you are but there is a deep sense of loneliness

Term
Connectedness
Definition

One's openess to others opinions and respect for their ideas

Example: become more understanding and tolerant. Even if my friend does not agree with me im going to accept you and be tolerant

Term
Social loneliness
Definition

When people feel they lack enough social contacts and relationships

-about quantity

- you dont have enough friends

Term
Emotional Loneliness
Definition

When people feel their relationships lack sufficientcloseness and intimacy

-lacking in quality

Term

Time alone in adolescence

Adolescents spend most of their time ...

Definition
alone
Term

Time alone in adolescence

Mood during alone time?

Definition
low mood, leave me alone, but coming out of alone time they feel restored, better
Term

Time alone in adolescence

Amount of alone time

Definition

-too much alone time and you wonder if they are depressed, worry, anxiety

-too little alone time also worry, get into trouble, risky behavior

Term

Time alone in emerging adulthood

Loneliest time?

Definition

1st year of college

emotionally lonely

Term

Time alone in emerging adulthood

Leisure/productive

Definition

-exercise

-active leisure

-sleep does not count

Term
Maturity
Definition
involves a greater capacity for intimacy
Term
Intimacy
Definition

Sharing inner most feelings and thoughts in an atmosphere of caring, trust, and acceptance

-Key term: self disclosure

-tell someone your sign (taurus)they tell it back

give info about yourself

 

Term
What must adolescents know about being intimate
Definition
to be intimate with others adolescents must accept themselves
Term
For males intimacy is
Definition

contingent (based on) achieving identity

-they can be ready if they know who they are

Term
For females intimacy is
Definition

the means by which identity is achieved

-it occurs simultaneously

-my relationships are part of my identity. so this intimacy and identity happen at the same time

Term
What is Kolhberg's cognitive developmental theory of gender?
Definition
-gender is a fundamental way of organizing ideas about the world
Term
Overall pattern of gender development
Definition

awareness

flexibility

intensification

Term
In gender what happens at age 3
Definition
understand themselves as either being male or female
Term
In gender what happens during age 4 and 5
Definition
identify things as appropriate for either males or females
Term
In gender what happens during age 6 to 10
Definition
perceptions of gender become less rigid
Term
In gender what happens during age 12 to 16
Definition
perceptions of gender becme more rigid, gender intensification
Term
Gender intensification hypothesis
Definition

- psychological and behavioral differences between males and females become more pronounced at adolescence because of the intensified socialization pressures to conform to culturally prescribed roles

-society sets the big picture of how things work and we learn from parents

-adolescents are most influenced by parents who encourage gender-role conformity

-parents are very traditional

Term
Gender Schema
Definition
a mental framework for organizing and interpreting information around gender that guides individuals' perceptions and behavior
Term
How do children formulate conceptions of traits and roles associated with females and males?
Definition
on the basis of societal expectations
Term
bem sex role inventory
Definition
most widely used measure of gender role perception
Term
feminine
Definition
highly associate with feminine traits
Term
masculine
Definition
highly associate with masculien traits
Term
androgynous
Definition

highly associate with both feminine and masculine

example- dressing nice but likes going camping too

-most people fall in this category

Term
undifferentiated
Definition

low association with both feminine and masculine traits

mystery

Term
Doing gender
Definition

actions

the girl being the boys

Term
gender similarity hypothesis
Definition
males and females are similar on most but not all psychological characteristics
Term
ethnic identity formation
Definition
the way in which individuals come to understand their ethnicity and  make decisions about its role in their lives regardless of the extent of their ethnic involvement
Term
self reflection may bring about an awareness of
Definition

desire to learn more about ones cultural heritage

cultural stereotypes held by the majority culture

Term
bicultural
Definition

developing a dual identity; based on ones culture of origin and the majority culture

-cuban american

Term
Assimilation
Definition

leaving the ethnic culture behind and adopting the ways of the majority culture

-feeling american

Term
Separation
Definition

associating only with members of ones own ethnic cultural group and rejecting the ways of the majority culture

-feeling cuban

Term
Marginality
Definition

rejecting ones culture of origin but also feeling rejected by the majority culture

- no group

Term
How did freud do his research?
Definition
with his clients and observations of them
Term
How did piaget do his research?
Definition
from observing kids playing games
Term
superego
Definition
is responsible for moral behavior
Term
Culture in society sets up rules but
Definition
they set up rules for what is right and wrong but we learn from our parents
Term
When does superego develop
Definition

when the young child identifies with the same sex of the parent

- mom with girl

-dad with boy

Term
Which superego is weaker?
Definition

superego of females is weaker than that of males because they are not motivated to resolve oedipal tensions

-women are weaker in morals because they have penis envy

Term
Heteronomous morality
Definition

rules are fixed and cant be changed

 

Term
With Piaget moral development is promoted by
Definition

interactions with peers instead of parents

peers teach us

Term
Autonomous morality
Definition

adolescents take into accountpeople's motivations for behavior

-we want to know the motivation

-the big question is WHY?

Term
Piaget states we mostly learn from our peers because
Definition

we are on the same level and we can negotiate

-we just obey our parents

Term
Kolhberg studied through
Definition
boys and hypothetical questions
Term
Preconventional level
Definition

rule enforcers and not the rules themselves influence ones actions 

-Mom and dad are the rule enforcers

- most concerned about getting in trouble (avoid punishment)

Term
conventional level
Definition

right is what agrees with rules established by society, authority, and tradition

-may be in this stage through adolescents and maybe the rest of your adukthood

-its what everyone tends to do

-conventional is set up by society

-what are the rules and laws in society

-in a red light if no one was comign you would wait

Term
Post conventional level
Definition

right comes from self-derived universal principles

-thinking about what you believe is right and wrong (Mother Theresa)

Term
Kolhberg wanted to keep what 2 things separate?
Definition
religion and morality
Term
Gilligan studies how
Definition
with hypothetical dilemas
Term
How do females think of morality
Definition

most females think of morality more personally than do males

 -Gilligan states women are not morally weaker they just have a different approach

Term
Males define morality as
Definition
separate from others
Term
What is a womans approach to morality
Definition
ethics of care characterizes female's approach to moral decisions
Term
ethic of care
Definition

-emphasizes compassion and a sense of responsibility to others

-contrasts w/kolhbergs justice orientation which emphasizes rules and reason

Term
Moral development recent research
Definition

- males and females take justice and care issue into consideration when thinking about moral issues

-the type of moral dilema influences their moral reasoning more than gender (its about the situation)

-moral reasoning is more closely related to gender-roles orientation than to sex (masculine, feminine etc.)

 

-only looking at western societies

Term

World views approach cultural critique

kolhberg

Definition

kolhberg's theory of morality is biased in favor of the individualistic thinking of western elites

-regardless of background can we understand how we see morality

Term
Worldviews approach 3 ethics
Definition

1. autonomy

2. community

3. divinity

Term
autonomy
Definition

individual is primary moral authority having right to do as they wish as long as their behavior does no harm to others

-as long as i dont hurt anybody im ok

 

-Emerging adults in the USA rely especially on the ethic of autonomy

Term
community
Definition

responsabilities of roles in family, community, are basis for moral judgments

-people in your life

Term
divinity
Definition

individual is a spiritual entity subject to the prescriptions of a divine authority

-what would Jesus do?

-what my religion or spiritual views tell me i should do in this situation

Term
Religious development
Definition
Economically developed countries tend to be highly secular
Term
secular
Definition
based on non religious beliefs and values based on non religious
Term
Who is most religious in virtually any other economically developed country?
Definition
Americans
Term
For how many adolescents does religion remain moderately important?
Definition
60%
Term
What priority does religion have for American adolescents?
Definition
lower priority among american adolescents than school, friendships, media, and work
Term
What explains difference in adolescent religiosity?
Definition
family characterisitcs
Term
Characteristics that increase religiosity
Definition

 

-if your parents talk about it

- if your family participates

Term
Characteristics that lower religiosity
Definition

-if mom and dad disagree (catholic vs. atheist)

-if mom and dad are divorced

Term
From childhood to adolescence, individuals view God in new ways ...
Definition

-Chidlren think of God as very concrete

-In adolescence God is complex or abstract

Term
When does religiosity decline?
Definition

from adolescence through emerging adulthood

-religiosity goes down, take a step back from participation

Term
Who is most external on religiosity?
Definition

Children

(I go to church on Sundays)

Term
Who is more internal in regards to religiosity
Definition

Adolescence

(My relationship with God)

Term
What age are people less religious?
Definition
20's
Term
Commited traditionalist
Definition

15%

- i am still going to church, i still participate

Term
Selective adherents
Definition

30%

-choosing what you want to believe

Term
Spiritually open
Definition

15%

religion is something out there

not really sure what to believe

just that there is a higher power

Term
religiously indifferent/ hostile
Definition

40%

dont see religiona s a big part of their lives

against religion

Term
religions typically contain prescriptions for socialization
Definition

-roles

-self regualtion

-sources of meaning

-codes for behavior

Term

prescription for socialization:

roles

Definition
what bible says about how women and men should behave
Term

prescription for socialization:

Self regulation

Definition

not over indulging in things

-spending too much

drinking too much

Term

prescription for socialization:

Sources of meaning

Definition

God or multiple Gods. heaven/hell

sense of supernatual forces

Term

prescription for socialization:

codes for behavior

Definition

10 commandments

laws and rules

Term
Adolescents and emerging adults do not tend to follow traditional doctrine instead...
Definition

they embrace general set of beliefs

-a moralistic therapeutic deism

Term
Moralisitce therapeutic deism
Definition

-adolescence views of religion

-loose, glossy non traditional follower

you believe you should be a good person

God is there if needed

-not active participant

not harming anyone

Term
Synthetic conventional faith
Definition

-integrate beliefs into a single system of beliefs

-faith is largely conformist

-artificial or fake

-conforming to what mom and dad do or what peers do

Term
Individuative-reflective faith
Definition

-explore beliefs, incorporate personal experiences, develop individualized faith

- i have really thought about what do i believe and acting on what i genuinely believe

-opposite of other you do not conform

-the issue is that you go through a thoughtful process

Term
Caveat
Definition

Fowlers theory is based on American majority culture and individualistic values

- no cross cultural research

Term
Adelson's hypothetical dilema
Definition

-used hypothetical situations to explore adolescents thinking about political ideas

-examined political development in relation to age gender, social class, and IQ

Term
What is the only variable related to political thinking?
Definition

AGE

(12 to 13 noticeable shift)

 

Term
Change in cognitive mode
Definition

the idea that as you get older your ideas get more abstract

-laws are socially constructed (ppl create laws)

Term
Adelson's political dilema
Definition

change in cognitive mode

sharp decline in support for authoritarian political systems

A capacity for ideology

Term
Younger kids and early adolescence in regards to politics believe in
Definition
authoritarian
Term
Authoritarian in politics
Definition

sharp decline in supprt

someone should be incharge

laws and individual freedoms balance out

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