Term
| What type of government does the US practice? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is American government organized? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| New England town meetings, The underlying idea of the town meeting is that the legislative body consists of citizens, not their representatives. Those who come to town meetings act as the legislature |
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Term
| Percent that run for offica |
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Definition
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Term
| Influence is positively related to |
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Definition
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Term
| Participation rates are negatively related to |
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Definition
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Term
| You have more opportunity to shape policy as a |
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Definition
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Term
| How many offices need to be filled every 2 years or so in America? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
100 Senators
435 Representatives
-elected by state or local districts |
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Term
| How many state legislatures |
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Definition
7,382
-most for 2 year terms and elected by local districts |
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Term
| How many city council, school board, community commission, and town or township board members elected |
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Definition
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Term
| How many Americans theoretically could run for office in their lifetime |
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Definition
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Term
| Psychopathology of Politics |
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Definition
| Candidates must see benefit beyond gratification for being civically active |
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Term
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Definition
| To relieve the displeasure of people whose positions on issues are not supported or are ignored by government. You can seek to influence the decision by obtaining office. |
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Term
| Direct forms of Participation |
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Definition
Protest
Rebellion
Assassination
Insurrection |
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Term
| How many people involved in Vietnam War protests? |
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Definition
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Term
| Public excess in democracy examples: |
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Definition
Shay's Rebellion
French Revolution |
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Term
| Public Hearings by Standing Committees |
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Definition
| within state legislature concerning possible new laws, such as permitting a state lottery, ore reforming workers' compensation |
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Term
| Percent that has attempted to influence outcome of a government decision in their local community |
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Definition
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Term
| Percent that has attempted to influence outcome of a government decisions on a national level |
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Definition
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Term
| Percent claimed to have attended one political meeting in the last 3 years |
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Definition
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Term
| Percent claimed to have worked with others in trying to solve some community problem |
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Definition
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Term
| Percent who attend a school board meeting within the past year |
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Definition
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Term
| Percent who have claimed to have written to an elected official |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| An aggregate action that is supposed to influence public policy. It is aggregate in the sense that only your individual vote plus many more accumulating to either a plurality or a simple majority are needed to accomplish anything |
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Term
| Legislatures can voluntary what? |
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Definition
| Refer a decision to the voting public |
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Term
| Qualified indirect initiatives |
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Definition
| require legislative approval before being scheduled for popular vote |
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Term
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Definition
| People take an initiative to put a low on a ticket |
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Term
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Definition
| Refer decision to the people "direct democracy" |
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Term
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Definition
| Signatures of enough voters, usually 3%-10% of the number voting for governor in the last election |
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Term
| Qualified referendums and direct initiatives are automatically what? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The declining vote from head of the ticket to the bottom |
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Term
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Definition
| Non-binding advisory votes |
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Term
| Most important thing state legislators do is |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Specializes in getting signatures on petitions and in spending great amounts of money to influence the outcome of referendums on initiatives |
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Term
| Populist Initiative may actually give power to who? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| gathering information and participating, being informed, and rationally supporting the candidate who best reflects one's personal positions are desirable, if difficult goals to achieve. |
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Term
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Definition
| Having Active Involvement |
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Term
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Definition
| How you try and select a candidate |
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Term
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Definition
68% Electoral College
53% Popular Vote (131 million voters) |
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Term
| Presidents who did not receive majority vote |
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Definition
| Clinton and George W Bush |
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Term
| When are most state public offices filled |
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Definition
| November of even-numbered years |
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Term
| How much does voting turnout drop in off-years |
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Definition
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Term
| Percent of people who vote for the President |
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Definition
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Term
| Percent of people who vote for Governors in off years |
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Definition
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Term
| True turnout in local elections? |
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Definition
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Term
| Turnout decline since 1972 |
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Definition
| A surge of non-citizens who cannot vote, also many states disenfranchised felons in prison as well as those released but still on parole |
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Term
| Four factors for us voting less |
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Definition
Lack of party-group linkage
Registration Restrictions
Lack of penalties for failure to vote
Voter Exhaustion |
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Term
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Definition
| These are enduing and sharp correspondence between political parties and major segments of society |
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Term
| Democrats usually represent |
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Definition
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Term
| Republicans usually represent |
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Definition
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Term
| Registration Restrictions |
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Definition
| Most restrictive registration procedures of any democracy |
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Term
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Definition
| 1996- Allows voters in the act of changing their address on their license to change voting registration- spurred registration but few bothered to vote |
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Term
| Penalties for Failure to Vote |
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Definition
| Receiving a citation for failure to vote (Australia) |
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Term
| Exhausted Voter Explanation |
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Definition
Are fatigued by the number of times they must go to the polls
-Can be asked to vote for as many as 100 officials in 4 year time |
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Term
| Americans have 4 strikes against participation in elections |
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Definition
Our History (The Reform Movement)
Our Governmental Format (Federalism and many offices to fill)
Our Election Institutions (The Winner-Take-All format) |
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Term
| Convenience-Voting Procedures |
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Definition
Mail voting
No-Excuse Absentee Voting
Early Voting
Election Day Registration |
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Term
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Definition
| Can cast as many votes as there are positions to be filled but can give each candidate only one vote |
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Term
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Definition
| Voters can give more than one of their votes to a single candidate |
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Term
| Cumulative voting is supposed to improve what? |
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Definition
| Chances of minorities gaining at least one seat, but there must be only one minority candidate for this to work |
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Term
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Definition
| US citizens who are 18+ can vote, can vote in prelims at 17 if will be 18 on general election day |
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Term
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Definition
Must be a citizen of US
Resident of the state (Except North Dakota) |
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Term
| Two reasons people cannot vote |
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Definition
Once denied the vote to those convicted of a felony, even after they have served their sentence
Mentally ill and those protected by guardians |
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Term
| The Building Where you Vote |
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Definition
Public Building
Campaigning illegal inside the building and 100 ft in every direction
Access to voting booth limited to registered voters and their young children
Talking discouraged
Vote should be private |
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Term
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Definition
| The candidates for each office are grouped together |
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Term
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Definition
| Voting for all candidates in one political party, regardless of inconveniences |
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Term
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Definition
| A column of Democrats running for each office side by side with one for Republicans |
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Term
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Definition
Over 90% of local elections and many elections of state judges
- ballots do not list political party |
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Term
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Definition
White
Free Citizen
Property
Females Excluded
Poll Tax
Literacy Tests
Understanding the State Constitution
No Blacks |
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Term
| Voting Rights Act of 1965 |
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Definition
Disallowed literacy and constitutional understanding as qualifications
Property Requirement was dropped (in early 1800s)
Duration of Residency Unconstitutional |
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Term
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Definition
| President is not on the Ballot |
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Term
| Researchers face 3 hurdles when studying how the general public is involved in politics |
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Definition
Must only study samples
Can only study people who are willing to be studied
Wording of questions can impact answers |
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Term
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Definition
Predicted 13 of last 17 elections
Right about 75% of time |
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Term
| Percent unwilling to be polled |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A standing committee or willingness to vote for only one political party |
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Term
| "Minimal Effects Model" of Mass Media |
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Definition
| The entire Presidential Election Campaign has a minimal effect |
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Term
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Definition
| ideas of how democratic voters should vote |
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Term
| Independents is last election supported who more? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Who determines the winner? |
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Definition
| Independents and Partisans who vote against their party |
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Term
| Where is the real election won? |
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Definition
| The state level through the Electoral College |
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Term
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Definition
Massachusetts
New York
Maryland |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
| Earlier years the Southern states tended to vote |
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Definition
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Term
| When does Party Allegiance occur? |
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Definition
| Before Issues and candidates in given election come into focus |
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Term
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Definition
| To oppose more services and spending |
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Term
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Definition
| They want more services and spending |
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Term
| What is most important in Presidential Elections? |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| 93.7% of incumbents seeking reelection were reelected, mostly in the House |
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Term
| Reasons for Incumbency Advantage |
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Definition
Visibility of holding office
Established Campaign Organization
Opportunities to raise funds for next election campaign |
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Term
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Definition
| Not involving of concern, or of much interest |
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Term
| Political Party Indentification |
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Definition
| Offers shortcuts to picking candidates that are not irresponsible |
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Term
| High Election turnouts in what states? |
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Definition
| Rural Northern States: The Dakotas, Minnesota and Montana |
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Term
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Definition
| May cause more voter turnout if election is close |
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Term
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Definition
| Is the psychological attitude that one must voluntarily obey decisions made by proper officials. Officials are proper if they are elected in fair contests opened to all qualified citizens |
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Term
| Benefit of higher voter turnout |
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Definition
| Better correspondence between public opinion and public policy |
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Term
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Definition
| Political Parties and Interest Groups |
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Term
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Definition
| Drafters of the new federal Constitution in 1787 shared an interest in getting it ratified |
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Term
| Modern Complex Society almost... |
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Definition
| Demands many organized interests, perhaps many thousands at state level and even hundreds local politics |
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Term
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Definition
| Organize such interests to exert their influence to get their interests best reflected in public policy |
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Term
| Who does not benefit from organizing? |
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Definition
| Small segments of society with no resources other than their votes achieve little or nothing by organizing |
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Term
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Definition
| One reason for political parties is to organize within the legislative body to pass laws |
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Term
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Definition
| Party activities concerned with appealing to voters and contesting and winning contests for office |
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Term
| Purpose of the Jeffersonian Republicans |
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Definition
| Was to resist the centralization of government advocated by the Federalists |
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Term
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Definition
Second US political party, but the first to organize both to win elections and within the halls of government
Provided the prototype for modern government |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are today's political parties derived from? |
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Definition
Events in our history
Parties become successful by articulating basic ideas that lead to electoral success |
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Term
| Areas that sought to ratify the constitution |
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Definition
| Areas of commerce, mostly seaports such as Boston, New York, Philadelphia and Baltimore |
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Term
| Who opposed the Constitution? |
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Definition
| Inland areas, farmers who provided everything for their families |
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Term
| What divided the country into a Democratic South and a Republican North |
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Definition
| Deaths and emotions associated with the Civil War and the Reconstruction that followed |
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Term
| Machines in the North technically called themselves what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What did machine supporters focus on |
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Definition
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Term
| Roosevelt's New Deal did what to the political parties? |
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Definition
| Being a Democrat meant being a supporter of the New Deal |
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Term
| Republicans were initially opposed to what? |
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Definition
| The New Deal and civil rights |
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Term
| What led to people moving from North to South and vise versa |
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Definition
Mobility of America after the war
Persuasiveness of mass media |
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Term
| Black approved of what party |
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Definition
| Democratic because they supported the New Deal |
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Term
| Why did many Republicans move to the South? |
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Definition
| South's cheap, nonunion labor attracted northern industry and many Republicans moved along with their companies |
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Term
| What greatly altered the chances of the Republican in the South |
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Definition
Northerners now living in the South
Young voters less emotionally attached |
|
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Term
| What has the news media done to our politics? |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
We face only one such divisive issue at a time
-New Constitution
-Slavery and states rights
-Federal efforts to safeguard us against economic cycles
-Civil Rights |
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Term
| How many states have close contests? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Who did the Jeffersonian Republicans become and who did they face |
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Definition
They became the Democrats and faced
-Federalists
-Whigs
-Republicans |
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Term
| Another reason for our duality |
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Definition
| Winner take all, single member districts |
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Term
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Definition
Reason for only 2 parties
-third parties can only get on the ballot by exceptional means |
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Term
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Definition
Contributes to 2 party system
-Fewer than 18% refuse to associate themselves with a party |
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Term
| Nearly all 2 party democracies are... |
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Definition
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Term
| What could be a possible reason for Anglo's influencing the two-party system |
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Definition
| The reduced influence of the Roman Catholic church |
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Term
| Reasons for two-party system |
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Definition
Historical Reasons
Structural Barriers
Party Identification |
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Term
| Do states regulate political parties |
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Definition
YES
-traced to the reform efforts to undo urban machienes |
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Term
| State laws regulating political parties are of 5 types |
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Definition
1) defining membership, typically as being registered as a Democrat or as a Republican
2)Defining a formal party organization and its selection, including a state party chairman and central committee with some limited responsibilities
3)Allowing access to the state election ballot or denying it if the party lacks popular support
4)Providing procedures for nominating candidates and holding primaries
5)Restricting campaign financing or providing public funds |
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Term
| States have weakened political parties by allowing |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Elected state legislators would pick people to fill the seats, giving people little say |
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Term
|
Definition
| Replaced caucuses to give average party members more say in candidate selection |
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Term
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Definition
| allow the public a say, but at the expense of not allowing the most active and engaged party members to pick its candidates |
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Term
| Non-Partisan Blanket Primary |
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Definition
Louisiana
-No primary elections
-Candidates who win majority in early elections win office
-top 2 finishers run against each other in a second election |
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Term
|
Definition
Washington
-Choose 2 candidates who will face off in general election (party does not matter)-based off primaries |
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Term
| Two elements to differentiate party primary systems |
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Definition
1) When voters choose which party's primary to vote in
2)Whether the choice is public or private |
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Term
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Definition
Voters register by party in advance of the primary election, and this information is public
-13 states |
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Term
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Definition
Voters choose which major party's primary to vote in at the time
-9 states |
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Term
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Definition
These have other combinations of when choices are made and whether choices are public or private
-21 states |
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Term
| Those who vote in one's primary are not allowed to |
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Definition
| vote in other parties' runoff elections |
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Term
| Open and Top Two primaries encourage |
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Definition
| partisans of one party to vote in oppositions party's primary |
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Term
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Definition
Labor and Conservative
-clear choice
-responsible party system |
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Term
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Definition
| Select candidates upholding those stands or party position, educate the public on those positions, remove officeholders who do not uphold those positions, and organize themselves within the halls of government to enact those positions into law |
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Term
| Balanced Slate of candidates |
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Definition
| combining Jewish, Irish, Hispanic, or whatever candidates needed to attract the votes for all groups to assure victory |
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Term
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Definition
| focuses on using television, dropping the person-to-person contact between party workers and voters and appealing for party unity |
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Term
| First to successfully use new-style politics |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Negative campaigning, more common and more effective |
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Term
|
Definition
| Swift Boat Veterans were so successful in questioning and criticizing Senator John Kerry's military service in the 2004 election |
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Term
| Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act |
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Definition
| Candidates were required to identify themselves and say in audio ads and appear and say in video ads they approved the communication |
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Term
|
Definition
| Branding of Political Parties has become more important |
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Term
| Large Scale Transfers of funds from the national committee |
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Definition
| have played a key role in implementing national campaign strategies through state and local parties |
|
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Term
| Decline in Partisanship in the Electorate |
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Definition
| further evidence of decline is US political parties |
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Term
| Activity of Political Parties include: |
|
Definition
Raising Money
Conducting Local Registration Drives
Other Campaigning Efforts |
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Term
| Organization is a result of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Larger tax burdens is related to |
|
Definition
| Greater Democratic control |
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Term
| Fewer restrictions on abortions is related to |
|
Definition
| Greater Democratic control |
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Term
| Most Significant Contemporary Social Welfare program |
|
Definition
| Temporary Aid for Needy Families (TANF) |
|
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Term
| Is there a correlation to partisan control and policies |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
Vote won by the Democratic gubernatorial candidate
The division of which party controls the legislative houses and the governorship
Duration of one's party control |
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Term
| Weakening of political parties may increase |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Most useful for pressure groups |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two thing of paramount important for interest groups (specifically lobbyists) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Informed Persons living in each state |
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Term
| Interest groups over represent who? |
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Definition
Wealthy
Better Educated
White
Males
Businesses |
|
|
Term
| Most effective interest group in most states |
|
Definition
Public school teachers
-National Education Association
-chambers of commerce
-bankers' association
-manufacturers' groups |
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Term
|
Definition
| Interest groups can not legally bribe officials |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Contribute to the campaign |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Many states require registration by interest groups
-Membership
-Budget
-Officers of organization |
|
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Term
| Publicly Financed Campaigns |
|
Definition
| Reduce the temptation of pressure groups campaign funds |
|
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Term
| Campaign Expenditures Limits |
|
Definition
Would restrict how much money candidates could spend in election campaigns
-pressure groups effectiveness could be cut
-Unconstitutional |
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Term
|
Definition
Political Action Committees, required to register with the government
-forbidden from making their own adds supporting candidates
-Often provide a majority of funds to a candidate (usually incumbent) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Allows candidates and organization to bypass a lot of these limits |
|
|
Term
| Who have the weakest interest groups? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Interest groups perceived to be the most influential |
|
Definition
General Businesses
Schoolteachers
Utility Interests |
|
|
Term
| States with stronger interest groups have |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Relationship between TANF and interest groups is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Greatest Concern about Interest Groups |
|
Definition
| Buy Representatives with their campaign contributions and thereby shape public policy to their satisfaction |
|
|
Term
| National Institute on Money in State Politics and The Center for Responsive Politics |
|
Definition
| These organizations are greatly concerned with this and compile political campaign contribution data both at national and state levels |
|
|
Term
| Correlation between per capita contributions and state and local expenditures |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Relationship between contributions and Interest groups |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Things associated with Municipal Government |
|
Definition
Police
Fire Protection
Street Construction and Maintenance
Sewage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Drinkable Water
Electricity
Garbage Disposal |
|
|
Term
| Some cities provide these extra services |
|
Definition
Poor Aided with food and healthcare and are provided with public housing at low rents
Hospitals
Parks and recreation
Airports
Streetlights, sidewalks
Libraries |
|
|
Term
| Most complex level of government |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many local governments? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Oldest local government
-All states have county governments except Rhode Island and Connecticut
-Provide limited government services
-Maintaining property records, providing public health care and maintaining roads in rural areas
-combines functions of both executive and legislative branches |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does most Local Government Expenditures go? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Relatively old form of government adopted from England |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Oldest form of municipal government
-Division between legislative and executive branches
-Checks and Balances are copies of English municipal governments?
-Mayor heads executive branch
-City Council heads the legislative branch |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Budget Making and Veto Power |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Personality, political influence through organized politics, and other informal powers can be more important than formal powers |
|
|
Term
| Strong mayor/council employs what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What check is not present in the checks and balances system at a local level? |
|
Definition
| The check of the second legislative chamber on excesses of the first is not present in our cities |
|
|
Term
| Policy-making by Competition |
|
Definition
| Best policies are ones that meet approval of both the executive and legislative branches |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 38% cities use this, most common in cities with population 250,000+ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Form of municipal government that copies almost all US school governance
-Majority in cities less than 250,000 bu 25,000+
-No partisan way to provide services
-Should be professional rather than partisan |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Have mayors with few powers
-Mayor is more symbolic
-Two unlabeled political parties form, one supportive of the manager and one opposed |
|
|
Term
| Town Meetings and Representative Town Meetings |
|
Definition
Forms of Municipal government are used in less than 4%
-Almost all in New England
-Direct citizen participation
-Eligible citizens who attend meetings act as the legislative body
-Mayor moderates town meetings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Municipal form of government that originated in Galveston after a major hurricane
-combined both executive and legislative roles into one role-the city commission
-identical to county commission
-Cooperation
-Don't really work |
|
|
Term
| Independent School Districts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Continue to increase
-provide limited services, such as fire protection, mosquito abatement, soil conservation, public transit, water supply and recreation
-Treated as a confederacy with multiple municipalities to form a central government only to provide special services |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
In exchange for their votes to get elected, they provided services the residents needed
-beginning of urban machines |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Those who lost power to the immigrant-based machines fought back by forcing cities to reform
-Disables machines and returned power to the "proper" persons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Only lawful way to cast a vote
-Comprehensive ballot printed by government was wed to marking ballots secretly, no one could know how people voted |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Not identifiable by a party label |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Selecting public employees based on their competence and qualifications for the job |
|
|
Term
| Strong Mayor-Part of Reform Movement |
|
Definition
Empowered to fill many positions by appointment
-major role in taxing and spending decisions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fewer officials, so ballot would be shorter |
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Term
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Definition
City Council members to be elected from city-wide elections in which all could cast a vote
-Guaranteed blacks won no election, denied all minorities |
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Term
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Definition
These were forced on city councils and on school boards
-Improved minority representation |
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Term
| Other things that reduced the influence of the machines |
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Definition
| You had to register to vote as well as be a citizen |
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Term
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Definition
| Notion of cities as the creations of their state governments |
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Term
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Definition
| A state legislative act specifying that Dillon's rule does not apply to a particular city. The city is authorized to shape its government form and to provide municipal services within the limits of state laws as it sees fit, without getting approval of the legislature |
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Term
| Long-term graduated Repayment Mortgage |
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Definition
| Made is possible for more to own homes |
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Term
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Definition
| Most states provide for easy organization of such areas as new municipalities |
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Term
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Definition
| Older Municipalities of Urban Concentrations around them should not annex (discouraged) |
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Term
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Definition
Numerous but insufficiently large governments in suburban areas
-Inadequate Municipal Services provided at high expense |
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Term
| How does Texas allow Annexaion |
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Definition
| Simple majority vote of city council |
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Term
| City/Council Consolidation |
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Definition
| Most of these fragmented municipal governments and the central city that they surrounded were in a single county, which made county government more like one big municipality |
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Term
| Impediments to Consolidation |
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Definition
-Racial Integration
-Unwillingness of suburban residents to see their tax money paying for central city facilities
-General hostility toward the centrsl city |
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Term
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Definition
| Suburban municipalities join to provide water, sewer, recreation, or transit district services, they have the scale to deal with the problem financially |
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Term
| Do city council members get payed? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Seldom face electoral challenge and who are unlikely to feel any obligation to constituents |
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Term
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Definition
| Those who think they act primarily in their own personal self-interest rather than in the public's interest |
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Term
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Definition
| Give public ample opportunity to shape decisions |
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Term
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Definition
| Allow only a select few to make decisions that influence all |
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Term
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Definition
| Identifying and measuring which outsiders have access, make input, and have influence |
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Term
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Definition
| Ask Informants which individuals influenced decisions or who had the reputation for having power and influence |
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Term
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Definition
A few in the top stratum having great influence and wealth, the elite, and many at the bottom having little of either, the masses
-Public officeholders and the mayor towards the bottom |
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Term
| Top stratum of hierarchy composed of who? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Investigate hoe decisions are made through newspaper accounts and interviews
-all resulted in hierarchy |
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Term
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Definition
Happens with multiple hierarchies
- |
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Term
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Definition
| By becoming more active if they were dissatisfied with one or more of the governing elites |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of decisions rather than the reputation for influence has been criticized as ignoring the non-decisions |
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Term
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Definition
| Idea of balance between those ideologically involved and those indifferent |
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Term
| Authoritarian Personality |
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Definition
| Conceived as responsible for Nazi growth |
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Term
| Authoritarian Personality |
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Definition
| Conceived as responsible for Nazi growth |
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Term
| Authoritarian Personality |
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Definition
| Conceived as responsible for Nazi growth |
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Term
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Definition
Pluralists see no good coming of it
Stratificationists see improved electorate |
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Term
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Definition
Pluralists see no good coming of it
Stratificationists see improved electorate |
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Term
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Definition
Pluralists see no good coming of it
Stratificationists see improved electorate |
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Term
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Definition
Poor
Traditionalistic
Uncompetitive
and Democratic (until recently) |
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Term
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Definition
Poor
Traditionalistic
Uncompetitive
and Democratic (until recently) |
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Term
|
Definition
Poor
Traditionalistic
Uncompetitive
and Democratic (until recently) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Our state comparisons are made possible by compilations from |
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Definition
| Bureau of the Census and by the Council of State Governments |
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Term
| The Grassroots of Democracy |
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Definition
| Comparative study of many cities selected at random |
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Term
| Authoritarian Personality |
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Definition
| Conceived as responsible for Nazi growth |
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Term
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Definition
Pluralists see no good coming of it
Stratificationists see improved electorate |
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Term
|
Definition
Poor
Traditionalistic
Uncompetitive
and Democratic (until recently) |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| Our state comparisons are made possible by compilations from |
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Definition
| Bureau of the Census and by the Council of State Governments |
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Term
| The Grassroots of Democracy |
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Definition
| Comparative study of many cities selected at random |
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Term
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Definition
City manager
Mayor Council |
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