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Exam 2
review for exam
102
Nutrition
Undergraduate 2
11/30/2015

Additional Nutrition Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
whole grains
Definition
contain the whole kernel, including the bran, germ, and endosperm  
Term
Refined grains
Definition
foods processed to remove course parts such as the bran and germ whichremoves the fiber and some vitamins and minerals
Term
endosperm
Definition

the largest part of the kernel

 

made up of primarily starch, most of the kernel's protein, and some vitamins anf minerals

Term
Bran
Definition
contain most of the fiber and a good source of many vitamins and minerals
Term
Germ
Definition

Located at the base of the kernel and is the embryo where sprouting occurs

 

source of oil and is rich in vitamin E

Term
Enrichment
Definition
one type of fortification adds backsome but not all nutrients lost in refining
Term
Simple carbohydrates
Definition

disaccharides and monosaccharides

Term
monosaccharides
Definition

a carbohydrate made up of a single sugar unit


glucose, galactose, frustose


Term
Disaccharide
Definition

a carbohydrate made up of two sugar units


maltose, sucrose, lactose

Term
Maltose
Definition

glucose glucose


sweetness of bread

Term
Sucrose
Definition

Glucose and Fructose


table sugar

Term
Lactose
Definition

Galactose and Glucose


milk sugar

Term
Complex Carbohydrates
Definition
contains polysacharides
Term
Polysaccharides
Definition

a carbohydrate made up of many sugar units linked together


starch, glycogen, fiber

Term
sugar unit
Definition

a sugar molecule that cannot be broken down to yeild other sugars

 

contain carbon and hydrogen and oxygen

 

hydrogen are kept in the same 2 to 1 ratio as water

Term
What do all monosaccharides have in common?
Definition

each contains:

6 carbon

12 hydrogen

6 oxygen

same structure different order

Term
starch
Definition

a carbohydrate found in plants made up of many glucose molecules linked in straight or branched chains

 

starch provides energy for plant growth when we eat them we gain the energy

Term
Fiber
Definition

a type of complex carbohydrate that can not be broken down by the human digestive enzymes

 

Term
soluble fiber
Definition

fiber that dissolves in water or absorbs water and can be broken down by intestinal microflora.

includes pectins gums and some hemicelluloses

cannot be digested only broken down by instestinal bacteria

Ex. oats beans apples and seaweed

Term
insoluble fiber
Definition

fiber that does not dissolve in water and connot be broken down by instinal bacteria.

 

it passes unchanged throught the digestive tract

 

Ex. wheat rye bran broccoli and celery

Term
What are the benefits of fiber?
Definition
helps lower cholesterol and promotes digestive health
Term
Where does carbohydrate digestion begin?
Definition

in the mouth 

 

but most of the digestion happens in the small intestine

Term
how do carbohydrates get tranported?
Definition
once broken down they are absorbed by microvilli and and either sent through a vein to the liver or directly into the blood by an artery
Term
Glycemic index
Definition
ranking of how a food affects blood glucose relative to an equivalent amount of carbohydrate from a reference food
Term
glycemic response
Definition
measures how quickly and how high blood glucose levels rise after carbohydrate consumption
Term
lactose intolerance
Definition
the inhibility to completely digest lactose due to the reduction in levels of the enzyme lactase
Term
what are the side effects of lactose intolerance?
Definition
gas, abdominal distension, cramping, diarrhea
Term
What other sources besides dairy can you obtain calcium
Definition
tofu legumes dark green veetables canned salmon and sardines calcium fortified foods calcium supplements and lactase treated milk
Term
who is less likely to be lactose intolerant?
Definition
caucasion males
Term
What are the functions of carbohydrates?
Definition

energy

spare protein

help with fat breakdown

Term
ogliosaccharide
Definition

a carbohydrate made up of 3 to 10 sugar units

 

undigestable by human enzymes

Term
resistant starch
Definition
starch that escapes digestion in the small intestine
Term
insulin
Definition
a hormone made in the pancreas that allows glucose to enter cells and stimulates the synthesis of protein fat and liver and muscle glycogen
Term
glucagon
Definition
a hormone made by the pancreas that raises blood glucose levels by stimulating the breakdown of liver glycogen and the synthesis of glucose
Term
glycolysis
Definition
an anerobic metabolic pathway that splits glucose into two three carbon pyruvate molecules the energy released from one glucose molecule is used to make two molecules of ATP
Term
what is another name for glycolysis?
Definition
anaerobic metabolism 
Term
Anaerobic metabolism
Definition
metabolism in the absence of oxygen
Term
aerobic metabolism
Definition

metabolism in the presence of oxygen. 

 

can completely breakdown glucose

 

produces 18 times the amount of ATP than anaerobic metabolism

Term
what is cellular respiration?
Definition
cellular respiration uses oxygen to convert glucose tocarbon dioxide and water and energy in the form of ATP
Term
when inadequate amountsof glucose are available what can be broken down?
Definition
Protein
Term
Ketone or ketone bodies
Definition
an acidic molecule formed when there is not sufficient carbohydrate to breakdown acetly-CoA
Term
what is needed to break down fat?
Definition
carbohydrates?
Term
Ketosis
Definition
high levels of ketones in the blood
Term
Diabetes mellitus
Definition
a disease characterized by elevated blood glucose due to either insufficient production of insulin or dicreased sensesitivity of cells to insulin
Term
what are the three types of diabetes?
Definition
—Type I: decreased insulin secretion
Type II: insulin resistance
—Gestational: first observed during pregnancy
Term
when ketone levels get so high they increase the acidity of blood its called?
Definition
ketoacidosis
Term
what are the symptoms of diabetes mellitus?
Definition

increased loss of urine

blurred vision

weightloss

excessive thirst

increased hunger

Term
hypoglycemia
Definition
abnormally low glucose levels
Term
fasting hypoglycemia
Definition
happens when invidual hasnt eaten in a while
Term
reactive hypoglycemia
Definition
when too much insulin is produced
Term
what is the RDA for carbohydrate
Definition
130 g/day
Term
what is the RDA for fiber
Definition
38g/day for men 25g/day for women
Term
what is the acceptable macronutrient distribution range
Definition
45%-65% total calorie intake
Term
lipids
Definition
substances that do not dissolve in water
Term
triglyceride
Definition
the type of lipid in food and the body consisting of three fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule
Term
fatty acid
Definition
a molecule made up of a chain of carbons linked to hydrogens with an acid group at the end of one chain
Term
phospholipid
Definition
a type of lipid whose structure includes a phosphorous atom
Term
sterol
Definition
a type of lipid with a structure composed of multiple chemical rings
Term
what is the importance of the fatty acid chain in a triglyceride?
Definition
the fatty acids in a triglyceride determine its function in the body and the properties it gives to food
Term
saturated fatty acid
Definition
a fatty acid in which the carbon atoms are bonded to as many hrydrogen atoms as possible therfore containing no carbo-carbon double bonds
Term
the number of and location of carbon-carbon double bonds determines what?
Definition
the characteristics of that fatty acids given to food and the health effects on the body
Term
unsaturated fatty acid
Definition

a fatty acid that contains one or more carbon-carbon double bonds

 

can be polyunsaturated or monounsaturated

Term
monounsaturated fatty acids
Definition

monounsaturated fatty acids contain one carbon-carbon double bond

 


EX. canola, olive, and peanut oil, some nuts, and avacados (oleic acid)

Term
polyunsaturated fatty acids
Definition

contain more than one carbon-carbon double bond

 

types: omega 6- when the first double bond occurs between the first and seventh

corn oil safflower oil soybean oil nuts (linoleic acid)

 

omega 3- when the first double bond occurs between the third and fourth

flaxseed canola oil nuts (alpha-linoleic acid)

Term
essential fatty acid
Definition
a fatty acid that must be consumed in the diet because it cannot be made by the body or cannot be made in sufficient quantities to meet the body's needs
Term
saturated fats tend to be
Definition

solid

animal sources

risks for heart disease

Term
unsaturated fats tend to be
Definition

liquid

plant sources

lowers risk for heart disease

Term
tropical oils
Definition
plant sources plentiful in saturated fats
Term
vancidity
Definition
the spoiling of unsaturated fats that doesnt usually occur in saturated fats
Term
hydrogenation
Definition

a process wherby hydrogen atoms are added to the carbon-carbon double bonds of unsaturated fatty acids making them more saturated

 

known as trans fatty acids

 

done to increase shelf life

 

most dangerous fatty acids

Term
why are phospholipids important
Definition

they allow water and fat to mix

 

referred to as emulsifiers

Term
what is the best known phospholipid and why is it important
Definition
lecithin; major constituent of cell membranes and is used to synthesize acetlycoline which activates muscles and memory
Term
what is the best known sterol
Definition
cholesterol
Term
cholesterol
Definition

a sterol produced by the liver and consumed in the diet which is needed to build cell membranes, make hormones, and other essential molecules

EX. mylein, bile acids, synthesizing vitamin D, the steroids: cortisol, etrogen, and testosterone

 

90% found in cell membranes

 

not an essential and found only in animal foods

Term
What are some other types of sterol and why are they important
Definition
plant sterols, because they can help lower cholesterol
Term
Why is cholesterol dangerous?
Definition
related to astherolosis
Term
high sugar diets increase
Definition

blood lipids

 

Term
high blood glucose damages
Definition
blood vessels
Term
high fiber diets decrease
Definition

blood pressure

weight

blood glucose

heart disease

Term
what benefits on high fiber diets have on bowel health
Definition
decrease constipation, hemorhoids, diverticula, and maybe colon cancer
Term
dental caries
Definition

occur when bacteria on teeth metabolize carbohydrates procing acids that dissolve tooth enamel

 

also known as cavities

Term
diverticulitis
Definition
when fecal matter accumulates in pouches on the intestinal wall called diverticula causing irritation pain and inflammation
Term
decribe the process of lipid absorption
Definition
bile acts as emulsifier breaking down triglycerides which are then digested by enzymes from the pancreas resulting in monoglyceride, cholesterol, and bile which is then broken down into micelles which facilitate absorption which then incorporate the fat soluable vitamins so everything can be absorbed into the mucosal cells
Term
how are lipids transported after being absorbed
Definition
they are covered with a water soluable envelope of protein phospholipids and cholesterol called lipoproteins
Term
monoglyceride
Definition
a glycerol molecule with one fatty acid attached
Term
micelle
Definition

a particle that is formed in the small intestine when the products of fat digestion are surounded by bile.

 

it facilitates absorption of lipids

Term
lipoprotein
Definition
a particle that transports lipids in the blood
Term
chlomicron
Definition
a lipoprotein that transports lipids from the mucosal cells of the small intestine and delivers triglycerides to other body cells
Term
how do chlymirons deliver triglycerides
Definition
they go throught the lymph
Term
what happens once fats get to the body cells
Definition
they arebroken down to into fatty acids and glycerol and are used for energy or formed back into triglycerides for storage
Term
What organ can synthesize lipids
Definition
liver
Term
low density lipoprotein
Definition

a lipoprotein that transports cholesterol to the cells

 

maintransport for chloesterol

 

associated with heart disease

Term
High density lipoprotein
Definition

a lipoprotein that picks up cholesterol from cells and transports it to the liver so that it can be eliminated from the body

 

opposite of LDL

 

associated with reduction in heart disease

Term
functions of lipids
Definition

lightweight energy storage

cushion internal organs

insulate us from temperature change

lubricate body surfaces

Term
What are some essential fatty acids
Definition
polysaturated fatty acids like linoleic acid (omega 6) and alpha linoleic acid (omega 3)
Term
what purposes are omega 6 and omega 3 needed for
Definition

essential for growth development fertility maintaining red blood cells and cells in skin and nervous system

 

Term
essential fatty acid defficiency
Definition
a condition characterized by dry scaly skin poor growth poor healing liver abnomalities impaired vision and hearing resulting from deficiencies in linnoleic and alpha linolenic acid
Term
eicosanoids
Definition
regulatory molecules that can be synthesized from omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids
Term
which omega is needed for blood clotting
Definition
omega 6 (arachidonic acid)
Term
which omega is needed for reducing blood clotting
Definition
omega 3
Term
the U.s. diet require encouragement to eat which polysaturated fatty acid
Definition

omega 3

 

fish, flaxseed, walnuts, canola oil

Term
how many calories come from a gram of fat
Definition
9 calories
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