Term
| Addiction (also called dependence) |
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Definition
| If referring to substance-related disorders, this is the strong desire to self-administer a drug of abuse. To be diagnosed as __________, a person must meet at least three of 7 criteria relating to patterns of consumption, craving, expenditure of time and energy in serving the _____ and impact on other aspects of the person's life. |
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Term
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Definition
| this method of measuring electrical activity in the brain records neural activity but doesn't stimulate it. It just listens for when neurons are active and measures that. |
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Term
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Definition
| The two types of designs for singe cell recordings of brain activity can be used to correlate _______ with _______, or measure activity after a stimulus. |
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Term
| Stereotaxic procedure to implant electrodes |
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Definition
| This procedure is used for single cell recordings and can be used on humans but is mostly used on animals. You'd refer to the atlas of the brain, find the part of the brain you're looking for and use landmarks on the surface of the skull to know where to start. From there you start at the origin (0,0) and use the atlas to tell you how many cm or mm to go and in which direction.. once you're in the right spot you put the electrode there. |
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Term
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Definition
| Who won the nobel prize for mapping the visual cortex by putting electrodes in cats and monitoring a specific cell while the cat watched a line on a screen move to different angles and waited for the cell to respond to that particular angle? How far did they move the line each time? |
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Term
| simple cells respond to a specific orientation, complex cells respond to a moving line.. they're specific for orientation and direction |
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Definition
| What is the difference between simple cellos and complex cells? |
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Term
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Definition
| These cells create a mental map of the environment. The cells code for a particular place in the environment, generating an internal map. |
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Term
| The rat's hippocampus was watched for action postentials as it was going through a maze. Cell A fires when a rat is in a particular space and cell B fires when it is in a different place. they found that Cells code for a particular place in the environment, generating an internal map. Memory of an environment can be stored as a specific combination of place cell activities in the hippocampus. Certain cells fire for each specific place you just have to remember the sequence. |
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Definition
| The 2014 Nobel Prize winners did an experiment in which they studied place cells in rats What was the set up for their experiment? what'd they find? |
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Term
| EEG- electroencephalograph |
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Definition
| This method of measuring brain activity provides an index of overall electrical activity. It measures summed electrical potential from millions of neurons all over the brain because it is sensitive to dendritic currents. |
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Term
| EEG is done with a cap that's put on the scalp, it doesn't go into the brain The amplitude of the waves are interpretted, huge slow waves= coma, small magnitude= awake and alert. |
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Definition
| How is an EEG done? What is it primarily used for? |
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Term
| ERP is formed by modifying EEG. the EEG signal is recorded as baseline (because the EEG makes noise but it is averaged out), then a stimulus is presented and the change in EEG in repsonse to the stimulus is averaged over many events. The waves peak at different times after the stimulus is represented, reflecting different stages of processing. |
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Definition
| What is an Event Related Potential? How is it formed and read? Hoe does it work? |
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Term
| reflects different stages of processing, peaks are labeled by how long it takes to react to stimulus |
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Definition
| When the peaks of waves form (on ERP) after a stimulus is represented, what does that reflect? How are the peaks labeled? |
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Term
Single cells recordings good: excellent spatial resolution (how precise it is at measuring where the brain activity takes place), it can record deep within the brain within 50ms and it has excellent temporal resolution (measuring when activity happens).
Disadvantage: invasiveness |
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Definition
| Good thing about Single cell recordings of measuring brain activity? Disadvantages? |
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Term
advantage: excellent temporal resolution and it's noninvasive.
disadvantage: poor spatial resolution (can't tell where activity originates or go deep within the brain). |
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Definition
| Advantages and disadvantages of EEG's and ERP's? |
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Term
| grid cells are place-modulated neurons whose multiple firing locations define a periodic triangular array covering the entire surface of a 2D environment. |
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Definition
| A grid cell fires in evenly spaced peaks all over the box whereas place cells fire in one place in a box. What does that tell us about grid cells? |
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Term
| They work together to keep track of where we are. The place cells are a mechanism for keeping track of where we are. The place cells keep track of where we are by coding for our precise location and the grid cell updates the location. (Like one cell telling us we're facing forward and the other tells us when we're approaching a boundary). |
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Definition
| How do grid cells and place cells work together? |
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Term
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Definition
| Where are grid cells located? |
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Term
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Definition
| What two imaging techniques are good for structural imaging? |
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Term
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Definition
| which has a higher resolution imaging, CT scan or MRI? |
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Term
| higher res, no ionizing radiation, better spacial res (identifies individual structures and folds of gyri), better discrimination between white matter and gray matter, adapted for use in fMRI |
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Definition
| advantages of MRI over CT? |
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Term
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Definition
| These two imaging techniques are good for seeing brain activity |
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Term
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Definition
| What imaging technique uses radioactive glucose that is injected into the bloodstream and followed through the brain as it they puts off radioactive emissions and flows to places where the brain is most active while a participant performs a particular task or takes a particular test? |
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Term
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Definition
| this imaging technique measures change from oxygenated to deoxygenated blood, which is used to infer activity in a particular region. |
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Term
| brain activations are presented graphically by color coding the strength of activation across the brain or specific region being studied. temporal resolution: results take a few seconds so we may not see the first place that brain activity happens in |
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Definition
| how is the brain activity presented in fMRI? how's the temporal resolution in an fMRI? |
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Term
| PET measures bloodflow to a particular region in the brain, fMRI measures blood oxygenation. |
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Definition
| Simply contrast fMRI and PET scan as it relates to what they measure |
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Term
| PET scans, radioactively label the drug |
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Definition
| What kind of imaging technique would be used to follow a drug and show what part of the brain reacts to the drug and affects it? |
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Term
| The signal for satiation doesn't happen.. keep eating and eating and eating |
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Definition
| What happens if you lesion the ventromedial hypothalamus? |
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Term
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Definition
| What's the purpose of lesioning part of the brain |
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Term
| it can establish causal links |
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Definition
| Good thing about lesioning parts of brain? (from an experimental standpoint) |
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Term
| Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation |
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Definition
| In this experimental measure, a coil with an electric current is applied to the scalp which can be used to cause reversible inactivation (via virtual lesioning) or activation. |
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Term
| can't activate or inactivate structures deep within the brain because the current from the coil only gets just below the surface. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| This sort of experiment technique modulates activity of neurons by using light. |
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Term
| Light sensitive proteins form algae ar einserted into brain and the brain will respond in the same way... ion channel opens up to blue light because algae opens up to blue light. |
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Definition
| How does optogenetics work? |
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Term
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Definition
| What is a good thing TMS has been used for? |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which individuals develop male or female bodies and behaviors that happens during prenatal development |
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Term
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Definition
| _______ ________ influence structure of the way the brain and body is being wired together; it's permanent and occurs during the sensitive period (neonatal). |
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Term
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Definition
| chemicals released outside of the body to affect individuals of another species |
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Term
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Definition
| chemicals released outside the body to affect other individuals of the same species |
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Term
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Definition
| this part of the fetus can develop into male or female organs externally |
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Term
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Definition
| precursors to either testes or ovaries, they can become either depending on certain hormones. |
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Term
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Definition
| can form male internal organs (epididymis, vas deferens, and seminal vesicles) |
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Term
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Definition
| can form female internal organs |
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Term
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Definition
| At 8 weeks this becomes activated, once activated it sends a signal to the indifferent gonads to become testes |
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Term
| Anti-mullerian hormone (AMH) |
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Definition
| this hormone works to defeminize the organs |
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Term
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Definition
| _________________ is an enzyme that converts testosterone into the more powerful dihydrotestosterone (DHT) which is necessary to form external male genitalia |
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Term
| Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) |
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Definition
| in this instane, the adrenal glands produce excessive adrenal hormone prenatally which exposes female to androgens before birth. When this happens, a masculization of the phenotype occurs resulting in possible interest appearance. No testes are present but the ovaries are normal, despite appearance of external genitalia. may have some remnants of wolffian system |
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Term
| Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) |
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Definition
| When this occurs in a woman, external tissues develop mainly as female but a uterus isn't formed so they can't have children, testes are internal and breast development at puberty occurs. |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when individual has only one chromosome, a single X. Individual develops as female but has traits characteristic of this condition. The female is also hyperfeminine. |
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Term
| prenatally all initial steps are male but a penis doesn't develop until puberty when there is a big rush of testosterone. |
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Definition
| What happens in 5 Alpha-reductase deficiency? |
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Term
| Sexually dimorphic nucleus of the POA (SDN-POA) |
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Definition
| __________________ is a region of the brain that is typically larger in males than females. |
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Term
| "distant father; over-attachment and identification with mother. happens from unresolved conflicts (namely, unresolved Oedipus complex). |
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Definition
| What is the Freudian view of homosexuality? |
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Term
| Baby is sexually neutral at birth, "homosexuality is a result of improper interactions with parents or faulty learning" |
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Definition
| Implications of social constructivist view of sexual orientation? |
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Term
| children of lesbian parents generally are hetero despite predictions that orientation is learned |
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Definition
| What refutes social constructivism? |
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Term
| Androgenic Insensitivity syndrome (AIS) |
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Definition
| In this case, a person identifies as female, they have an XY genotype but they aren't receptive to testosterone, they're attracted to males. |
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Term
| the 2D-4D ration, oto-acoustic emissions, and INAH-3 larger |
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Definition
| What are some markers for pre-natal testosterone? |
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Term
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Definition
| the social constructivist that fucked up Brenda/Bruce but the experiment was claimed "successful" |
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Term
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Definition
| Sexual orientation seems to be inherited from which side? |
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Term
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Definition
| Gay brothers are likely to share a marker located on the long arm of the X chromosome called ________. who discovered this? |
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Term
| female-typical behavior patterns with possible altered genital development |
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Definition
| effect prenatal stress can have on male mice |
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Term
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Definition
| The corpus callosum is more ______ in subjects with high fetal testosterone |
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