Term
|
Definition
| modern green algae, closest relatives of land plants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a durable polymer that covers exposed zygotes of charophyte algae and forms the walls of plant spores, preventing them from drying out |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a haploid cell produced in the sporophyte by meiosis
a spore can divide by mitosis to develop into a multicellular haploid individual, the gametophyte, without fusing with another cell |
|
|
Term
| Alternation of Generations |
|
Definition
| a life cycle in which there is both a multicellular diploid form, the sporophyte, and a multicellular haploid form, the gametophyte |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
embryonic plant tissue in the tips of rotts and buds of shoots
the dividing cells of an apical meristem enable the plant to grow in length
PRIMARY GROWTH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a waxy covering on the surface of stems and leaves that prevents desication in terrestrial plants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
symbiotic associations between
fungi and land plants that may have helped plants without true roots to obtain nutrients |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chemicals that deter herbivores and parasites |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a plant with vascular tisse |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| vascular plant tissue consisting mainly of tubular dead celss that conduct most of the water and minerals upward from the roots to the rest of the plant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| vascular plant tissue consisting of living cells arranged into elongated tubes that transport sugar and other organic nutrients throughout the plant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an embryo and nutrients surrounded by a protective coat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the “naked seed” plants, including the conifers (pines, spruce, fir, etc…) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an integrated group of cells with a common structure, function or both |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a specialized center of body function composed of several different types of tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an organ in vascular plants that anchors the plant and enables it to absorb water and minerals from the soil |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| are organs that increase the surface area of vascular plants, thereby capturing more solar energy that is used for photosynthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a vascular plant organ consisting of an alternating system of nodes and internodes that support the leaves and reproductive structures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a bud at the tip of a plant stem; also called a terminal bud |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tendency for growth to be concentrated at the tip of a plant shoot, because the apical bud partially inhibits axillary bud growth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a structure that has the potential to form a lateral shoot, or branch |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the stalk of a leaf, which joins the leaf to a node of the stem |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a tiny extension of a root epidermal cell, growing just behind the root tip and increasing surface area for absorption of water and minerals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a vascular bundle in a leaf |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ground tissue that is internal to the vascular tissue in a stem |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ground tissue that is between the vascular tissue and the dermal tissue in a root or eudicot stem |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a relatively unspecialized plant cell type that carries out most of the metabolism, synthesizes and stores organic products, and develops into a more differentiated cell type |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a flexible plant cell type that occurs in strnds or cylinders that support young parts of the plant without restraining growth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a rigid, supportive plant cell type usually lacking a protoplast and possessing thick secondary walls strengthened by lignin at maturity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
along, tapered water-conducting cell found in the xylem or nearly all vascular
functioning tracheids are dead |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
short, wide water-conducting cell found in the xylem
dead at maturity, are aligned end to end to form micropipes called vessels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a living cell that conducts sugars and other organic nutrients in the phloem
connected end to end to form sieve tubes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an end wall in a sieve-tube element which facilitates the flow of phloem sap in sieve tubes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a type of plant cell that is connected to a sieve-tube element by many plasmodesmata and whose nucleus and ribosomes may serve one or more adjacent sieve-tube elements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a meristem that thickens the roots and shoots of woody plants
SECONDARY GROWTH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the earliest recognizable stage of development of a specialized organ from unspecialized cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| adds layers of vascular tissue called secondary xylem (wood) and secondary phloem |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| replaces the epidermis with periderm, which is thicker and tougher |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the development of specific structures in specific locations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a shift from one developmental phase to another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is the condition of having structural or chemical differences at opposite ends of an organism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a type of growth characteris in which growth stops after a certain size is reached |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a type of growth characteristic of plants in which the organism continues to grow as long as it lives |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a regulatory protein that binds to DNA and affects transcription of specific genes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an irreversible increase in size or biomass |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the development of the form of an organism and its structures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is the process by which cells with the same genes become different from each other |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any of the master regulatory genes that control placement and spatial organization of body parts in animals, plants and fungi by controlling the developmental fate of groups of cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| identifies how floral organ identity genes direct the formation of the four types of floral organs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| refers to indoleactic acid (IAA), a natural plant hormone that has a variety of effects, including cell elongation, root formation, secondary growth and fruit growth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a class of plant hormone that inhibits shoot branching, triggers the germination of parasitic plant seeds, and stimulates the association of plant roots with mycorrhizal fungi |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any of a class of related plant hormones that retard aging and act in concert with auxin to stimulate cell division, influence the pathway of differentiation and control apical dominance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a plant hormone that slows growth, often antagonizing the actions of growth hormones
two of its many effets are to promote seed dormancy and facilitate drought tolerance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any of a class of related plant hormones that stimulate growth in the stem and leaves, trigger the germination of seeds and breaking bud dormanyc, and (with auxin) stimulate fruit development |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a gaseous plant hormone involved in responses to mechanical stress, programmed cell death, leaf abscission and fruit ripening |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a modified leaf in angiosperms that helps enclose and protect a flower bud before it opens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the colorful parts of a flower that advertise it to insects and other pollinators |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the pollen-producing reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of an anther and a filament |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the terminal pollen sac of a stamen, where pollen grains containing sperm-producing male gametophytes form |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ovule-producing reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of the stigma, style and ovary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the sticky part of a flower's carpel, which receives pollen grains |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the stalk of a flower's carpel, with the ovary at the base and the stigma at the top |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the portion of a carpel in which the egg-containing ovules develop |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a structure that develops within the ovary of a seed plant and contains the female gametophyte |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the base of a flower
the part of the stem that is the site of attachment of the floral organs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a structure consisting of the male gametophyte enclosed within a pollen wall |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a tube that forms after germination of the pollen grain and that functions in the delivery of sperm to the ovule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the female gametophyte of angiosperms, formed from the growth and division of the megaspore into a multicellular structure that typically has eight haploid nuclei |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a mechanism of fertilization in angiosperms in which two sperm cells unite with two clls in the female gametophyte to form the zygote and endosperm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a nutrient-rich tissue formed by the union of a sperm with two polar nuclei during double fertilization
the endosperm provides nourishment to the developing embryo in angiosperm seeds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the transfer of pollen to the part of a seed plant containing the ovules, a process required for fertilization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a mature ovary of a flower
protects dormant seeds and often aids in their dispersal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cloning of plants by asexual means |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ability of a seed plant to reject its own pollen and sometimes the pollen of closely related individuals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the soil region close to plant roots and characterized by a high level of microbiological activity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a process in which positively charged minerals are made available to a plant when hydrogen ions in the soil displace mineral ions from the clay particles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3)
biological nitrogen fixation is carried out by certain prokaryotes, some of which have mutualistic relationships with plants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| everything external to the plasma membrane of a plant cell, including cell walls, intercellular spaces and the space within dead structures such as xylem vessels and tracheids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the continuum of cytoplasm connected by plasmodesmata between cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an open channel through the cell wall the connects the cytoplasm of adjacent plant cells, allowing water, small solutes and some larger molecules to pass between the cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the physical property predicting the direction in which water will flow, governed by solute concentration and applied pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the movement of a fluid due to a difference in pressure between two locations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a water-impermeable ring of wax in the endodermal cells of plants that blocks the passive flow of water and solutes into the stele by way of cell walls |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pressure exerted in the roots of plants as the result in osmosis, causing exudation from cut stems and guttation of water from leaves |
|
|
Term
| Cohesion-tension hypothesis |
|
Definition
the leading explanation of the ascent of xylem sap
states that transpiration exerts pull on xylem sap, puttingthe sap under negative pressure or tension, and that the cohesion of water molecules transmits this pull along the entire length of the xylem from shoots to roots |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the dilute solution of water and dissolved minerals carried through vessels and tracheids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the sugar-rich solution carried through a plant's sieve tubes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the evaporative loss of water from a plant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the transport of organic nutrients in the phloem of vascular plants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a plant organ in which sugar is being produced by either photosynthesis or the breakdown of starch
mature leaves are the primary sugar sources of plants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a plant organ that is a net consumer or storer of sugar
growing roots, shoot tips, stems and fruits are examples of sugar sinks supplied by phloem |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a soil bacterium whose population size is much enhanced in the rhizosphere, the soil region close to a plant's roots |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a type of light receptor in plants that mostly absorbs red light and regulates many plant responses, such as seed germination and shade avoidance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| growth of a plant shoot toward or away from light |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a response of a plant to gravity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a direction growth of a plant in response to touch |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| effects of light on plant morphology |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a response in plants to chronic mechanical stimulation, resulting from increased ethylene prouction
Ex) thickening stems in response to strong winds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| describing a pathogen against which an organism has little specific defense |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| describing a pathogen that can nildly harm, but not kill, the host |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a plant's localized defense response to a pathogen, involving the death of cells around the site of infection |
|
|
Term
| Systemic acquired resistance |
|
Definition
| a defensive response in infected plants that helps protect healthy tissue from pathogenic invasion |
|
|
