Term
| Where do action potentials propagate? |
|
Definition
| along the membrane of the conductile region of a neuron |
|
|
Term
| What is the conductile region? |
|
Definition
| it carries electrical information long distances. It also contains voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels which are responsible for an action potential |
|
|
Term
| What is the Neuron Doctrine? |
|
Definition
| says that a neuron is a functional unit of the nervous system |
|
|
Term
| What is sensory transduction, and what are the 3 forms? |
|
Definition
| It is changing the form of energy (conversion to movement of ions across a membrane). Three forms: Electromagnetic, chemical, mechanical. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Kinesin is a motor protein that transports vesicles along microtubles. + end directed, cleaves ATD to ADP |
|
|
Term
| What kind of glial cells are in the central nervous system? |
|
Definition
| Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia |
|
|
Term
| What type of glial cell is in the Peripheral nervous system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Myelinating glial cells provide: |
|
Definition
| provide insulation and physically surround neurons |
|
|
Term
| Afferent nerves carry information |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Efferent nerves carry information |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Afferent nerves carry information |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Efferent nerves carry information |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Potentials propagating away from the central nervous system carry |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mechanisms for removing neurotransmitter from synaptic cleft include |
|
Definition
| absorbed by astrocyte, diffuse away, degraded by enzymes |
|
|
Term
| What depolarizes a membrane? |
|
Definition
| voltage-gated sodium channels |
|
|
Term
| what is the equilibrium potential of sodium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the membrane potential where rate of sodium influx through v-gated channels equals the rate of K+ efflux through leak channels |
|
|
Term
| What is the equilibrium potential of potassium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the concept of ball and chain? |
|
Definition
| as soon as the voltage-gated sodium channels open, they also start to inactivate. this limits membrane Na+ permeability |
|
|
Term
| What happens at the top of the action potential? |
|
Definition
| Na+ channels inactivate, K+ leak channels are still open, voltage-gated K+ channels are ALL open by the time Na+ channels inactivate |
|
|
Term
| What happens when voltage-gated potassium channels open during an action potential? |
|
Definition
| It starts to repolarize the membrane bringing the membrane potential close to the equilibrium potential of potassium. with the help of flickering Na+ channels, and K+ leak channels it will restore to resting membrane potential |
|
|
Term
| Where are voltage-gated Na+ and voltage-gated K+ channels located? |
|
Definition
| between the nodes on the axon |
|
|
Term
| What is the voltage at the resting membrane potential? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bundles of nerve cells in PNS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a somatic afferent? |
|
Definition
| neuron that brings info about skin, skeletal muscles, and joints to the CNS |
|
|
Term
| What is a visceral afferent? |
|
Definition
| a neuron that brings in information to CNS about organs |
|
|
Term
| What are the two motor divisions of PNS? |
|
Definition
| Somatic Nervous system, and autonomic nervous system |
|
|
Term
| What nervous system does the parasympathetic and sympathetic branches belong to? |
|
Definition
| part of the autonomic nervous system which is a portion of the PNS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| collection of cell bodies and unmyelinated proceses (divided into the dorsal and ventral horns) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| myelinated axons (white because of large amounts of lipids) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cell bodies and dendrites of interneurons that are important for afferent info from PNS to CNS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cell bodies and dendrites of lower motor neurons |
|
|
Term
| Where do lower motor neurons exit the CNS? |
|
Definition
| through the ventral roots |
|
|
Term
| Afferent neurons enter on the ( ) side, and makes its way to the ( ) side. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Efferent neurons enter the ( ) side, and move to the ( ) side. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dendrites are the ( ) region of the cell. |
|
Definition
| input region, NEVER myelinated, conduct graded potentials |
|
|
Term
| What is the trigger zone? |
|
Definition
| site of action potential initiation |
|
|
Term
| Interneurons are confined to... |
|
Definition
| the central nervous system |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of an astrocyte? |
|
Definition
| it helps regulate ion concentration in the extracellular environment (mostly K+), also regulates neurotransmitter concentration at synapse, positioned around capillaries. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of an oligodendrocyte? |
|
Definition
| myelinating axons, and forming white matter in CNS, they can wrap around multiple axons, inhibit regeneration in CNS |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of a schwann cell? |
|
Definition
| to myelinate axons, only one axon at a time, cleans up debris after nerve damage in peripheral, regenerate nerves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in the cell body, and dendrites only |
|
|
Term
| Microtubules are composed of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When do stretch activated channels open? |
|
Definition
| when we tug on the membrane it opens the channel, the change in membrane brings in sodium. # of stretch activated channels is proportion to the amount of stretch. |
|
|
Term
| Voltage-gated Na+ channels are triggered by ( ), unlike Na+ stretch activated channels which are triggered by ( ). |
|
Definition
| V-gated activated by charge, stretch activated by stretch in membrane |
|
|
Term
| Cell bodies of preganglionic sympathetic neurons are located in... |
|
Definition
| the intermediolateral gray column of spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| Where do preganglionic sympathetic neurons exit? |
|
Definition
| exit the spinal cord in the ventral root and synapse on post ganglionic sympathetic neurons |
|
|
Term
| Where do cell bodies of somatic afferents reside? |
|
Definition
| in the dorsal root ganglia |
|
|
Term
| Where would protein synthesis take place for a lower motor neuron? |
|
Definition
| in the ventral horn of the spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| By severing a nerve, one would cut.. |
|
Definition
| the conductile processes in the PNS (because nerve is a term used in the peripheral nervous system, not central.) |
|
|
Term
| What does fast axoplasmic transport move? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does slow axoplasmic transport move? |
|
Definition
| moves actin, tubulin, and neurofilaments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bundles of conductile regions in the CNS |
|
|
Term
| Where are voltage-gated Ca+ channels for NT release synthesized? |
|
Definition
| synthesized in the cell body in the rough ER |
|
|
Term
| Input regions from post synaptic cells at chemical synapses contain what kind of channels? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An EPSP (excitatory post synaptic potential) results from: |
|
Definition
| the opening of ligand-gated channels |
|
|
Term
| What dictates the postsynaptic response at chemical synapses? |
|
Definition
| the receptor that binds the NT |
|
|
Term
| the synapse between postganglionic parasympathetic neurons requires what kind of receptors? |
|
Definition
| muscarinic and metabrotropic acetycholine receptors |
|
|
Term
| Huntington's Disease which is associated with the uncontrolled generation of movement results from: |
|
Definition
| damage to the neurons in the striatum |
|
|
Term
| What does adenylyl cyclase do? |
|
Definition
| it converts ATP to cyclic AMP |
|
|
Term
| Cutting the vagus nerve would cut.. |
|
Definition
| the conductile regions of preganglionic parasympathetic neurons |
|
|
Term
| Visceral efferents innervate |
|
Definition
| glands, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle |
|
|
Term
| somatic efferents innervate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In skeletal muscle contraction Calcium leaves SR through what type of receptors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does calcium reenter the SR? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does calcium bind to after leaving the SR? |
|
Definition
| troponin to move tropomyosin |
|
|
Term
| When does a power stroke occur in muscle contraction? |
|
Definition
| when ADP and P leaves myosin |
|
|
Term
| Myosin releases its hold on actin when... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a motor unit is composed of |
|
Definition
| a lower motor neuron and all the cells it innervates |
|
|
Term
| what is spatial summation? |
|
Definition
| when EPSP's come together from different places |
|
|
Term
| What is temporal summation? |
|
Definition
| when EPSP's come together at the same time |
|
|
Term
| Where are the cell bodies located for a neuron whose output region is in the left ventral horn? |
|
Definition
| on the right precentral gyrus |
|
|
Term
| Where are EPSPs initiated? |
|
Definition
| in the input region of the postsynaptic cell |
|
|
Term
| What causes neurotransmitter to be released from the presynapse? |
|
Definition
| the opening of voltage gated calcium channel causes exocytosis of synaptic vesicle to synaptic cleft releasing neurotransmitter. |
|
|
Term
| What happens when action potential arrives to presynaptic element? |
|
Definition
| it delivers positive charge, allowing calcium to flow in through voltage-gated calcium channels |
|
|
Term
| What happens when neurotransmitter leaves the presynaptic element? |
|
Definition
| it binds to ligand-gated channels opening the gates for sodium to flow into post synaptic element |
|
|
Term
| What happens when sodium flows into the post-synaptic element? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens after the sodium ions move into post synaptic element? |
|
Definition
| it depolarizes membrane and then releases neurotransmitters from the ligand-gated channels |
|
|
